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| Genetic Epilepsy v0.2789 | TUBB4A |
Zornitza Stark changed review comment from: Dystonia-4, also known as whispering dysphonia, is an autosomal dominant neurologic disorder characterized by onset in the second to third decade of progressive laryngeal dysphonia followed by the involvement of other muscles, such as the neck or limbs. Some patients develop an ataxic gait. At least 8 unrelated families reported. Leukodystrophy: multiple individuals reported, onset of symptoms is typically in infancy and early childhood.; to: Leukodystrophy: multiple individuals reported, onset of symptoms is typically in infancy and early childhood. Seizures are part of the phenotype. |
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| Genetic Epilepsy v0.2470 | KIF1A |
Zornitza Stark changed review comment from: HSN2C is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by onset in the first decade of progressive distal sensory loss leading to ulceration and amputation of the fingers and toes. Affected individuals also develop distal muscle weakness, primarily affecting the lower limbs. At least 4 families reported, although 3 shared same founder variant. De novo variants in this gene are also more commonly associated with spastic paraplegia, and a complex neurodevelopmental disorder, NESCAV syndrome.; to: De novo variants in this gene are also more commonly associated with spastic paraplegia, and a complex neurodevelopmental disorder, NESCAV syndrome, which can include seizures. |
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| Genetic Epilepsy v0.2038 | CSF1R |
Andrew Fennell gene: CSF1R was added gene: CSF1R was added to Genetic Epilepsy. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: CSF1R was set to BOTH monoallelic and biallelic (but BIALLELIC mutations cause a more SEVERE disease form), autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: CSF1R were set to PMID: 22197934; 24336230; 30982608; 30982609 Phenotypes for gene: CSF1R were set to Brain abnormalities, neurodegeneration, and dysosteosclerosis, (MIM#618476) Review for gene: CSF1R was set to GREEN Added comment: Monoallelic disease is onset in 3rd or 4th decades whereas biallelic disease is associated with early-onset disease in infancy or childhood. Monoallelic association: PMID: 22197934 - 13/23 individuals from 9 different families reported to have seizures. PMID: 24336230 - 2/7 individuals with seizures reported from a Japanese cohort. Biallelic association: PMID: 30982608 - Two individuals with a seizure history. First was an infant who presented with prenatal structural brain abnormalities, including ACC, ventriculomegaly, and pontocerebellar hypoplasia, and died at 10 months had intractable epilepsy. Second individuals presented with generalized tonic-clonic seizures aged 12 years old associated with regression and loss of all skills. PMID: 30982609 - Two individuals with seizures were reported from a cohort of 7 individuals. A-III-1 was a male infant who developed seizures in early infancy (after 3 months of age). Individual C-III-4 was a male who developed focal seizures in early infancy. Sources: Literature |
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| Genetic Epilepsy v0.1317 | NOTCH3 |
Krithika Murali gene: NOTCH3 was added gene: NOTCH3 was added to Genetic Epilepsy. Sources: Expert list,Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: NOTCH3 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted Publications for gene: NOTCH3 were set to 33020014; 30776699; 21414809; 30056822; 17675836 Phenotypes for gene: NOTCH3 were set to ?Myofibromatosis, infantile 2 - 615293; Cerebral arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy 1 - 125310; Lateral meningocele syndrome - 130720 Review for gene: NOTCH3 was set to RED Added comment: CADASIL typically presents with adult-onset migraine, TIA/stroke, cognitive disorders. Seizures noted in 5-10% of patients with CADASIL, usually preceded by stroke. Less than 5 cases described of adult-onset epilepsy as initial presenting symptom of CADASIL. All had characteristic MRI-B changes and review of cases shows that a number of them had preceding migraine or other symptoms. Not suitable for inclusion in genetic epilepsy panel as seizures are adult-onset, rarely observed, and usually develop as a secondary phenomenon. Sources: Expert list, Literature |
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| Genetic Epilepsy v0.776 | KAT5 |
Konstantinos Varvagiannis gene: KAT5 was added gene: KAT5 was added to Genetic Epilepsy. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: KAT5 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown Publications for gene: KAT5 were set to 32822602 Phenotypes for gene: KAT5 were set to Severe global developmental delay; Intellectual disability; Seizures; Microcephaly; Behavioral abnormality; Sleep disturbance; Morphological abnormality of the central nervous system; Short stature; Oral cleft; Abnormality of the face Penetrance for gene: KAT5 were set to unknown Mode of pathogenicity for gene: KAT5 was set to Loss-of-function variants (as defined in pop up message) DO NOT cause this phenotype - please provide details in the comments Review for gene: KAT5 was set to GREEN Added comment: Humbert el al (2020 - PMID: 32822602) report 3 individuals with de novo missense KAT5 variants. Features included severe DD (3/3) and ID (2/2 - the 3rd was 18m on last examination), microcephaly (2/3), behavioral anomalies (3/3) including severe sleep disorder (3/3 - table S1 / night walking, sleep onset delay, excessive daytime sleepiness), seizures (3/3 - variable type and age of onset), brain MRI abnormalities (3/3 - CC, cerebellar atrophy each in 2 subjects, focal polymicrogyria in 1), various genitourinary anomalies (3/3). All had moderately short stature (-1.95 SD to -2.9SD). Cleft LP and submucous cleft P were observed in 2/3. Facial features included round face, flat profile, depressed nasal bridge, downturned corners of mouth and prognathism (each in at least 2 subjects). KAT5 encodes a lysine acetyltransferase involved in gene expression, DNA repair, chromatine remodeling, apoptosis and cell proliferation. It is part of the NuA4 histone acetyltransferase (HAT) complex also called TIP60/p400 (TIP60 being another name for KAT5). Regulation by histone acetylation is important for proper development. 3 missense KAT5 SNVs were identified, one within the chromobarrel domain (aa 7-65 / NM_006388.3) and 2 in the acetyl-CoA binding domain (aa 365-420). Following generation of K562 cells expressing either WT or variants, it was demonstrated that wt/mt KAT5 assemble normally into NuA4/TIP60 complexes. Histone acetyltransferase activity was however impaired for all variants, suggesting a partial loss of function mechanism. As Humbert et al comment, it is possible that KAT5 haploinsufficiency does not lead to a syndrome. Over 10 high-confidence LoF variants are listed in gnomAD. Heterozygous Kat5 ko mice have normal development, growth and fertility. Homozygous ko mice are embryonic lethal. In haploinsufficient mice, reduction of mRNA to 50% has been shown to be compensated at the protein level in adipose and/or other tissues (several studies cited). RNA-Seq in fibroblasts from 2 affected individuals revealed dysregulation of highly relevant genes (e.g. for neurodevelopment, circadian clock, etc). Mutations in KAT6A/B, encoding two other acetyltransferases cause neurodevelopmental disorders with features overlapping those observed in individuals with KAT5 variants (e.g. DD/ID, microcephaly, seizures, sleep disturbance, clefts, CC or genital anomalies). Consider inclusion in the ID and epilepsy panels with green rating as well as the gene panel for clefting with amber. Sources: Literature |
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| Genetic Epilepsy v0.690 | CDC42BPB |
Konstantinos Varvagiannis gene: CDC42BPB was added gene: CDC42BPB was added to Genetic Epilepsy. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: CDC42BPB was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown Publications for gene: CDC42BPB were set to 32031333 Phenotypes for gene: CDC42BPB were set to Central hypotonia; Global developmental delay; Intellectual disability; Seizures; Autistic behavior; Behavioral abnormality Penetrance for gene: CDC42BPB were set to unknown Review for gene: CDC42BPB was set to AMBER Added comment: Chilton et al (2020 - PMID: 32031333) report on 14 individuals with missense and loss-of-function CDC42BPB variants. Features included hypotonia (8/11), DD (12/13 - the 14th was a fetus), ID (7/13), ASD (8/12), clinical seizures (in 3 - a 4th had abnormal EEG without seizures), behavioral abnormalities. Variable non-specific dysmorphic features were reported in some (sparse hair being the most frequent - 4/8). Additional features were observed in few (=<4) incl. cryptorchidism, ophthalmological issues, constipation, kidney abnormalities, micropenis, etc. All individuals had non-diagnostic prior genetic testing (incl. CMA, FMR1, MECP2, Angelman/Prader-Willi methylation studies, autism gene panel - suggesting relevance to the current panel) or metabolic testing. Variants were identified following clinical exome sequencing with Sanger confirmation. Most occurred as de novo events (11/14) while inheritance was not available for few (3/14). Missense variants did not display (particular) clustering. Almost all variants were absent from gnomAD and were predicted to be deleterious in silico (among others almost all had CADD scores >25). As the authors comment, CDC42BPB encodes myotonic dystrophy-related Cdc42-binding kinase β (MRCKβ) a serine/threonine protein kinase playing a role in regulation of cytoskeletal reorganization and cell migration in nonmuscle cells (through phosporylation of MLC2). Previous studies have demonstrated that it is ubiquitously expressed with prenatal brain expression. The gene appears to be intolerant to pLoF (pLI of 1) as well as to missense variants (Z-score of 3.66). CDC42BPB is a downstream effector of CDC42. Mutations of the latter cause Takenouchi-Kosaki syndrome with DD/ID and some further overlapping features (with CDC42BPB-associated phenotypes). Homozygous Cdc42bpb KO in mouse appears to be nonviable (MGI:2136459). Loss of gek in the eyes of Drosophila results in disrupted growth cone targeting to the lamina (gek is the fly CDC42BPB ortholog). Sources: Literature |
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| Genetic Epilepsy v0.63 | CAD | Zornitza Stark Marked gene: CAD as ready | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Genetic Epilepsy v0.63 | CAD | Zornitza Stark Gene: cad has been classified as Green List (High Evidence). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Genetic Epilepsy v0.63 | CAD | Zornitza Stark Classified gene: CAD as Green List (high evidence) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Genetic Epilepsy v0.63 | CAD | Zornitza Stark Gene: cad has been classified as Green List (High Evidence). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Genetic Epilepsy v0.62 | CAD |
Zornitza Stark gene: CAD was added gene: CAD was added to Genetic Epilepsy_AustralianGenomics_VCGS. Sources: Expert list Mode of inheritance for gene: CAD was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: CAD were set to 28007989; 25678555 Phenotypes for gene: CAD were set to Epileptic encephalopathy, early infantile, 50, MIM# 616457 Review for gene: CAD was set to GREEN Added comment: Five individuals from four unrelated families reported, seizures are a prominent part of the phenotype of this progressive neurometabolic condition. Sources: Expert list |
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