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| Mendeliome v1.1795 | TAP2 | Zornitza Stark Phenotypes for gene: TAP2 were changed from Bare lymphocyte syndrome, type I, due to TAP2 deficiency MIM# 604571; Low CD8; absent MHC I on lymphocytes; Vasculitis; pyoderma gangrenosum; recurrent bacterial/viral respiratory infections; bronchiectasis to MHC class I deficiency 2, MIM# 620813; Bare lymphocyte syndrome, type I, due to TAP2 deficiency MIM# 604571; Low CD8; absent MHC I on lymphocytes; Vasculitis; pyoderma gangrenosum; recurrent bacterial/viral respiratory infections; bronchiectasis | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v1.1696 | NAA60 | Zornitza Stark Phenotypes for gene: NAA60 were changed from Basal ganglia calcification, MONDO:0008947, NAA60-related to Basal ganglia calcification, idiopathic, 9, autosomal recessive, MIM# 620786 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v1.1695 | NAA60 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: NAA60: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Basal ganglia calcification, idiopathic, 9, autosomal recessive, MIM# 620786; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v1.1695 | RTN2 |
Achchuthan Shanmugasundram changed review comment from: PMID:38527963 reported the identification of seven novel or ultra-rare homozygous loss-of-function RTN2 variants in 14 individuals from seven unrelated families with distal hereditary motor neuropathy. All affected individuals exhibited weakness in the distal upper and lower limbs, lower limb spasticity, hyperreflexia, with an onset in the first decade of life. Nerve conduction studies revealed axonal motor neuropathy with neurogenic changes in the electromyography. Characterisation of C. elegans RTN2 homolog loss-of-function variants demonstrated morphological and behavioural differences compared to the parental strain and treatment with an endoplasmic/sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) re-uptake inhibitor (2,5-di-tert-butylhydroquinone) rescued key phenotypic differences. Biallelic variants in RTN2 gene have not yet been associated with any phenotypes in OMIM or Gene2Phenotype, while monoallelic variants have been associated with spastic paraplegia (MIM #604805) in OMIM.; to: PMID:38527963 reported the identification of seven novel or ultra-rare homozygous loss-of-function RTN2 variants in 14 individuals from seven unrelated families with distal hereditary motor neuropathy. All affected individuals exhibited weakness in the distal upper and lower limbs, lower limb spasticity, hyperreflexia, with an onset in the first decade of life. Nerve conduction studies revealed axonal motor neuropathy with neurogenic changes in the electromyography. Characterisation of C. elegans RTN2 homolog loss-of-function variants demonstrated morphological and behavioural differences compared to the parental strain, and treatment with an endoplasmic/sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) re-uptake inhibitor (2,5-di-tert-butylhydroquinone) rescued key phenotypic differences. Biallelic variants in RTN2 gene have not yet been associated with any phenotypes in OMIM or Gene2Phenotype, while monoallelic variants have been associated with spastic paraplegia (MIM #604805) in OMIM. |
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| Mendeliome v1.1695 | RTN2 |
Achchuthan Shanmugasundram changed review comment from: PMID:38527963 reported the identification of seven novel or ultra-rare homozygous loss-of-function RTN2 variants in 14 individuals from seven unrelated families with distal hereditary motor neuropathy. All affected individuals (seven males and seven females, aged 9-50 years) exhibited weakness in the distal upper and lower limbs, lower limb spasticity, hyperreflexia, with an onset in the first decade of life. Nerve conduction studies revealed axonal motor neuropathy with neurogenic changes in the electromyography. Characterisation of C. elegans RTN2 homolog loss-of-function variants demonstrated morphological and behavioural differences compared to the parental strain and treatment with an endoplasmic/sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) re-uptake inhibitor (2,5-di-tert-butylhydroquinone) rescued key phenotypic differences. Biallelic variants in RTN2 gene have not yet been associated with any phenotypes in OMIM or Gene2Phenotype, while monoallelic variants have been associated with spastic paraplegia (MIM #604805) in OMIM.; to: PMID:38527963 reported the identification of seven novel or ultra-rare homozygous loss-of-function RTN2 variants in 14 individuals from seven unrelated families with distal hereditary motor neuropathy. All affected individuals exhibited weakness in the distal upper and lower limbs, lower limb spasticity, hyperreflexia, with an onset in the first decade of life. Nerve conduction studies revealed axonal motor neuropathy with neurogenic changes in the electromyography. Characterisation of C. elegans RTN2 homolog loss-of-function variants demonstrated morphological and behavioural differences compared to the parental strain and treatment with an endoplasmic/sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) re-uptake inhibitor (2,5-di-tert-butylhydroquinone) rescued key phenotypic differences. Biallelic variants in RTN2 gene have not yet been associated with any phenotypes in OMIM or Gene2Phenotype, while monoallelic variants have been associated with spastic paraplegia (MIM #604805) in OMIM. |
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| Mendeliome v1.1596 | CIAO1 |
Paul De Fazio changed review comment from: PMID:38196629 (note pre-print) describes 4 unrelated patients with core features of progressive muscle weakness, respiratory insufficiency, joint hyperlaxity, ankle tightness, calf pseudohypertrophy, elevated CK, and larning disabilities/difficulties. 2 patients presented with increased iron deposition in the brain. Age of recognition of myopathic symptoms varied from early childhood to adolescence. PMID: 38411040 reports 2 unrelated patients. Patient 1 was born with microcephaly and borderline hypertonia, and died at 18 months of respiratory failure from bronchiolitis. Patient 2 presented with failure to thrive, a hyperkinetic movement disorder, and autism before deteriorating in late teens with muscle weakness, recurrent pneuomonia with respiratory insufficiency, and eventually death due to multi-organ failure with carnificating pneumonia, septic cardiomyopathy, and intracranial hemorrhages. Immune deficiency was ruled out. All variants reported were homozygous or compound heterozygous missense variants, with the exception of one large in-frame deletion of exon 7. Cell line studies showed the variants resulted in reduced protein stability and downstream cellular defects which could be rescued by wild-type CIAO1. Sources: Literature; to: PMID:38196629 (note pre-print) describes 4 unrelated patients with core features of progressive muscle weakness, respiratory insufficiency, joint hyperlaxity, ankle tightness, calf pseudohypertrophy, elevated CK, and larning disabilities/difficulties. 2 patients presented with increased iron deposition in the brain. Age of recognition of myopathic symptoms varied from early childhood to adolescence. Muscle biopsy showed variation in fiber size and an increase in internalized nuclei, as well as scattered degenerating/regenerating fibers and a mild to minimal increase in endomysial fibrosis. Electron microscopy revealed morphologically abnormal mitochondria. PMID: 38411040 reports 2 unrelated patients. Patient 1 was born with microcephaly and borderline hypertonia, and died at 18 months of respiratory failure from bronchiolitis. Patient 2 presented with failure to thrive, a hyperkinetic movement disorder, and autism before deteriorating in late teens with muscle weakness, recurrent pneuomonia with respiratory insufficiency, and eventually death due to multi-organ failure with carnificating pneumonia, septic cardiomyopathy, and intracranial hemorrhages. Immune deficiency was ruled out. All variants reported were homozygous or compound heterozygous missense variants, with the exception of one large in-frame deletion of exon 7. Cell line studies showed the variants resulted in reduced protein stability and downstream cellular defects which could be rescued by wild-type CIAO1. |
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| Mendeliome v1.1596 | CIAO1 |
Paul De Fazio gene: CIAO1 was added gene: CIAO1 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: CIAO1 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: CIAO1 were set to 38411040; 38196629 Phenotypes for gene: CIAO1 were set to Neuromuscular disease, CIAO1-related (MONDO:0019056) Penetrance for gene: CIAO1 were set to unknown Review for gene: CIAO1 was set to GREEN gene: CIAO1 was marked as current diagnostic Added comment: PMID:38196629 (note pre-print) describes 4 unrelated patients with core features of progressive muscle weakness, respiratory insufficiency, joint hyperlaxity, ankle tightness, calf pseudohypertrophy, elevated CK, and larning disabilities/difficulties. 2 patients presented with increased iron deposition in the brain. Age of recognition of myopathic symptoms varied from early childhood to adolescence. PMID: 38411040 reports 2 unrelated patients. Patient 1 was born with microcephaly and borderline hypertonia, and died at 18 months of respiratory failure from bronchiolitis. Patient 2 presented with failure to thrive, a hyperkinetic movement disorder, and autism before deteriorating in late teens with muscle weakness, recurrent pneuomonia with respiratory insufficiency, and eventually death due to multi-organ failure with carnificating pneumonia, septic cardiomyopathy, and intracranial hemorrhages. Immune deficiency was ruled out. All variants reported were homozygous or compound heterozygous missense variants, with the exception of one large in-frame deletion of exon 7. Cell line studies showed the variants resulted in reduced protein stability and downstream cellular defects which could be rescued by wild-type CIAO1. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v1.1587 | APOLD1 |
Lucy Spencer changed review comment from: PMID: 35638551 1 family with an atypical inherited bleeding disorder characterised by severe spontaneous bleeding episodes in childhood and microcirculatory problems. 4 affected individuals across 2 generations have R49*in APOLD1, another affected individual from a third generation was not able to be sequenced = 4 meiosis. 4 unaffected individuals did not have the variant. This gene has no NMD region, R49* would affect 82% of the protein. Paper is not using the MANE select transcript, alt p. in MANE select is R18* which affects 92% of the MANE select protein Interestingly R49* is created by a delins/2 missense in cis, 1 common R49Q and 1 rare R49W, some UNaffected family members just have the common missense without the other in cis. Immunofluorescence studies in patient platelets showed a 50% reduction of APOLD1 and disrupted cytoskeletal and junctional organization. Sources: Literature; to: PMID: 35638551 1 family with an atypical inherited bleeding disorder characterised by severe spontaneous bleeding episodes in childhood and microcirculatory problems. 4 affected individuals across 2 generations have R49*in APOLD1, another affected individual from a third generation was not able to be sequenced = 4 meiosis. 4 unaffected individuals did not have the variant. This gene has no NMD region, R49* would affect 82% of the protein. Paper is not using the MANE select transcript, alt p. in MANE select is R18* which affects 92% of the MANE select protein Interestingly R49* is created by a delins/2 missense in cis, 1 common R49Q and 1 rare R49W, some UNaffected family members just have the common missense without the other in cis. Immunofluorescence studies in patient platelets showed a 50% reduction of APOLD1 and disrupted cytoskeletal and junctional organization. SiRNA silencing of APOLD1 in HBDEC cells resulted in altered cell shape and size, and were associated with endothelial cell junction dismantling. These cells were also almost devoid of VWF. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v1.1584 | APOLD1 |
Lucy Spencer gene: APOLD1 was added gene: APOLD1 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: APOLD1 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted Publications for gene: APOLD1 were set to 35638551 Phenotypes for gene: APOLD1 were set to Bleeding disorder, vascular-type (MIM#620715) Review for gene: APOLD1 was set to AMBER Added comment: PMID: 35638551 1 family with an atypical inherited bleeding disorder characterised by severe spontaneous bleeding episodes in childhood and microcirculatory problems. 4 affected individuals across 2 generations have R49*in APOLD1, another affected individual from a third generation was not able to be sequenced = 4 meiosis. 4 unaffected individuals did not have the variant. This gene has no NMD region, R49* would affect 82% of the protein. Paper is not using the MANE select transcript, alt p. in MANE select is R18* which affects 92% of the MANE select protein Interestingly R49* is created by a delins/2 missense in cis, 1 common R49Q and 1 rare R49W, some UNaffected family members just have the common missense without the other in cis. Immunofluorescence studies in patient platelets showed a 50% reduction of APOLD1 and disrupted cytoskeletal and junctional organization. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v1.1581 | TUBA4A |
Sarah Pantaleo gene: TUBA4A was added gene: TUBA4A was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: TUBA4A was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted Publications for gene: TUBA4A were set to PMID: 38413182 Phenotypes for gene: TUBA4A were set to Congenital myopathy MONDO:0019952 Review for gene: TUBA4A was set to AMBER Added comment: One novel TUBA4A variant in two unrelated Chinese patients with sporadic congenital myopathy. Identified candidate genes using laser capture micro dissection, proteomics, WES, clinical data, myopathological changes, electrophysiological exams and thigh muscle MRIs. The variant is de novo in both patients, c.679C>T, p.(Leu227Phe). The prominent myopathological changes in both patients were muscle fibres with focal myofibrillar disorganisation and rimmed vacuoles. Immunofluorescence showed ubiqution-positive TUBA4A protein aggregates in the muscle fibres with rimmed vacuoles. Overexpression of Leu227Phe resulted in cytoplasmic aggregates which colocalised with ubiquitin in cellular model. Patient 1 is 14yo and had delayed motor development milestones since infancy. Myopathic face, high-arched palate, waddling gait, winged scapula and muscle weakness in four limbs with lower extremities and proximal muscle more severely affected. Follow up at 14yo showed slight improvement in motor function compared with 3yo. Patient 2 is 6yo and presented with motor retardation since birth. At 3yo, presented with mild ptosis and ophthalmoparesis, high-arched palate and muscle weakness involving both proximal and distal in all limbs. No likely pathogenic variants in 116 other protein-encoding genes. Variants confirmed by Sanger sequencing and absent from gnomAD. ACMG predicts likely pathogenic classification. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v1.1580 | NIT1 |
Paul De Fazio gene: NIT1 was added gene: NIT1 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: NIT1 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: NIT1 were set to 38430071 Phenotypes for gene: NIT1 were set to Cerebrovascular disorder, NIT1-related (MONDO:0011057) Penetrance for gene: NIT1 were set to unknown gene: NIT1 was marked as current diagnostic Added comment: 5 unrelated families reported with recessively inherited cerebral small vessel disease had compound hetereozygous or homozygous variants in NIT1. 1 family (3 siblings) had p.(Ala68*) in trans with p.(Arg243Trp), the remaining 4 families (1 individual each) were all homozygous for p.(Arg243Trp). Patients presented in mid-adulthood with progressive movement disorders (e.g. dystonia, chorea, bradykinesia and tremor, gait disturbance, dysarthria) and had abnormal brain MRI findings (honeycomb appearance of the basal ganglia-thalamus complex, due to numerous strongly dilated PVS). 3 patients had non-lobar intracerebral hemorrhage. Slowly progressive cognitive decline was also a key feature. Metabolic analysis in urine confirmed loss of NIT1 enzymatic function. Note p.(Arg243Trp) has 1 homozygote in gnomAD v4, but permitted due to later presentation in reported patients. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v1.1513 | NUP160 |
Melanie Marty changed review comment from: PMID: 30910934 1 x patient with familial steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS) and FSGS carried novel compound-heterozygous variants in NUP160 (R1173X and E803K). Silencing of Drosophila NUP160 specifically in nephrocytes (fly renal cells) led to functional abnormalities, reduced cell size and nuclear volume, and disorganized nuclear membrane structure. These defects were completely rescued by the expression of the wild-type human NUP160 gene in nephrocytes. PMID: 30179222 1 x family (2 sibs) with compound het variants E803K and Arg910X. 1 Sib had SRNS and FSGS, the other had proteinuria. PMID: 33456446 1 x family (2 sibs) with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome and chronic kidney disease. Homozygous for NUP160 c.1179+5G>A, confirmed by RT-PCR to cause abnormal splicing [r.1102_1179del;p.(Phe368_Gln393del)]. These individuals also had additional neurological features of intellectual disability and epilepsy. PMID: 38224683 Generated a podocyte-specific Nup160 knockout (Nup160podKO) mouse mode using CRISPR/Cas9 and Cre/loxP technologies. They showed that Nup160podKO mice develop typical signs of NS.; to: PMID: 30910934 1 x patient with familial steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS) and FSGS carried novel compound-heterozygous variants in NUP160 (R1173X and E803K). Silencing of Drosophila NUP160 specifically in nephrocytes (fly renal cells) led to functional abnormalities, reduced cell size and nuclear volume, and disorganized nuclear membrane structure. These defects were completely rescued by the expression of the wild-type human NUP160 gene in nephrocytes. PMID: 30179222 1 x family (2 sibs) with compound het variants E803K and Arg910X. 1 Sib had SRNS and FSGS, the other had proteinuria. PMID: 33456446 1 x family (2 sibs) with SRNS and chronic kidney disease. Homozygous for NUP160 c.1179+5G>A, confirmed by RT-PCR to cause abnormal splicing [r.1102_1179del;p.(Phe368_Gln393del)]. These individuals also had additional neurological features of intellectual disability and epilepsy. PMID: 38224683 Generated a podocyte-specific Nup160 knockout (Nup160podKO) mouse model using CRISPR/Cas9 and Cre/loxP technologies. They showed that Nup160podKO mice develop typical signs of NS. |
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| Mendeliome v1.1505 | SH2B3 | Ain Roesley Phenotypes for gene: SH2B3 were changed from Predisposition to haematological malignancies to Predisposition to haematological malignancies; Myeloproliferation and multi-organ autoimmunity; juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia MONDO:001190, SH2B3-related | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v1.1502 | SH2B3 | Ain Roesley reviewed gene: SH2B3: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 37206266, 23908464, 38152053; Phenotypes: Myeloproliferation and multi-organ autoimmunity, juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia MONDO:001190, SH2B3-related; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal; Current diagnostic: yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v1.1421 | KIF5B | Zornitza Stark edited their review of gene: KIF5B: Added comment: Four additional patients with three distinct de-novo missense variants and features consistent with osteogenesis imperfecta. All variants are in the Kinesin motor domain (~50% of the protein). Functional data in C. Elegans and cell lines shows impaired protein function. Not clear what distinguishes OI causing variants from other phenotypes for this gene at this stage. Dominant negative effect proposed but not conclusively proven.; Changed publications: 37934770; Changed phenotypes: Skeletal dysplasia, MONDO:0018230, osteogenesis imperfecta, MONDO:0019019 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v1.1378 | MECR | Zornitza Stark Phenotypes for gene: MECR were changed from Dystonia, childhood-onset, with optic atrophy and basal ganglia abnormalities, MIM# 617282; MONDO:0015003 to Dystonia, childhood-onset, with optic atrophy and basal ganglia abnormalities, MIM# 617282; MONDO:0015003; Optic atrophy 16, MIM# 620629 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v1.1377 | MECR | Zornitza Stark edited their review of gene: MECR: Changed phenotypes: Dystonia, childhood-onset, with optic atrophy and basal ganglia abnormalities, MIM# 617282, MONDO:0015003, Optic atrophy 16, MIM# 620629 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v1.1269 | STAT6 | Zornitza Stark Phenotypes for gene: STAT6 were changed from Allergic disease, MONDO:0005271, STAT6-related; early-onset multiorgan allergies to Hyper-IgE syndrome 6, autosomal dominant, with atopy and allergies, MIM# 620532 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v1.1254 | CFAP20 |
Sarah Pantaleo gene: CFAP20 was added gene: CFAP20 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: CFAP20 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: CFAP20 were set to PMID:36329026 Phenotypes for gene: CFAP20 were set to Retinitis pigmentosa (MONDO:0019200) Review for gene: CFAP20 was set to GREEN Added comment: CFAP20 is a ciliopathy candidate. Demonstrate in zebrafish that cfap20 is required for motile cilia function, and in C. elegans, CFAP-20 maintains the structural integrity of non-motile cilia inner junctions, influencing sensory-dependent signalling and development. Human patients and zebrafish with CFAP20 mutations both exhibit retinal dystrophy (retinitis pigments). Hence, CFAP20 functions within a structural./functional hub centred on the inner junction that is shared between motile and non-motile cilia, and is distinct from other ciliopathy-associaetd domains or macromolecular complexes. Describe 8 individuals from 4 independent families with damaging biallelic variants (homozygous or compound heterozygous) in CFAP20 that segregate with retinal dystrophy. All variants cluster to one side of the protein, with two of the residues directly contacting alpha-tubullin. Family 1 - consanguineous set of 3 siblings from Sudan, homozygous for CFAP20 c.305G>A; p.Arg102His (they also had a homozygous variant in DYNC1LI2 however CFAP20 was considered the better candidate. Family 2 - 3 siblings from Spain, 2 with retinal dystrophy, 1 genetically tested and has c.337C>T; p.(Arg113Trp) and c.397delC; p.(Gln133Serfs*5) Family 3 - single affected family member compound het for c.164+1G>A and c.457A>G; p.(Arg153Gly). Family 4 - 3 affected siblings with generalised retinopathy and variable neurological deficits with c.164+1G>A and c.257G>A; p.(Tyr86Cys) For all families, no individuals had signs of polycystic kidney disease; however, not all individuals had kidney imaging. Visual defecit phenotype presented between adolescence and adulthood (17-56 years old). Used HEK293T cell expression studies to demonstrate a statistically significant decline of mutated CFAP20 protein levels (with the exception of p.Arg102His). To test the specific variants, they used the C.elegans orthologues. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v1.1251 | GPRASP1 |
Paul De Fazio gene: GPRASP1 was added gene: GPRASP1 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: GPRASP1 was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females Publications for gene: GPRASP1 were set to 37787182 Phenotypes for gene: GPRASP1 were set to Arteriovenous hemangioma/malformation, GPRASP1-related, MONDO:0001256 Penetrance for gene: GPRASP1 were set to unknown Review for gene: GPRASP1 was set to AMBER gene: GPRASP1 was marked as current diagnostic Added comment: Two hemizygous germline missense variants, p.Arg1167Trp and p.Trp553Cys, were identified in three male patients presenting with spinal AVM, Cobb syndrome, or scalp AVM. The variants were inherited from unaffected heterozygous mothers. Note that p.Arg1167Trp has hemizygous (>70) and homozygous individuals reported in gnomAD. The variants were found to result in LoF in endothelial cells. Endothelial Gprasp1 knockout mice suffered a high probability of cerebral hemorrhage, AVMs, and exhibited vascular anomalies in multiple organs. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v1.1188 | MCCC1 | Bryony Thompson reviewed gene: MCCC1: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 36822454, 31730530; Phenotypes: 3-Methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase 1 deficiency MIM#210200, Organic acidurias; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v1.1027 | NAA60 | Zornitza Stark Phenotypes for gene: NAA60 were changed from Basal ganglia calcification to Basal ganglia calcification, MONDO:0008947, NAA60-related | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v1.989 | NAA60 |
Chirag Patel gene: NAA60 was added gene: NAA60 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Other Mode of inheritance for gene: NAA60 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Phenotypes for gene: NAA60 were set to Basal ganglia calcification Review for gene: NAA60 was set to GREEN gene: NAA60 was marked as current diagnostic Added comment: ESHG 2023: 10 individuals from 7 families with biallelic variants in NAA60 (missense and framshift). All with primary brain calcification - 4/10 childhood onset (DD, ID), 6/10 adult onset (cerebellar and pyramidal dysfunction, dystonia, parkinsonism, cognitive impairment, psychiatric manifestations). NAA60 catalyses N-terminal acetylation of transmembrane proteins and localises to Golgi apparatus. In vitro assay of variants showed reduced capacity of Nt acetylation. Fibroblast studies showed significantly reduced levels of phosphate importer (SLC20A2). Loss of function variants in SLC20A2 (~50% of PFBC cases) lead to increased extracellular phosphate (which is thought to lead to calcium deposits in brain). Sources: Other |
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| Mendeliome v1.896 | CHRM5 |
Elena Savva gene: CHRM5 was added gene: CHRM5 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: CHRM5 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: CHRM5 were set to 37213061 Phenotypes for gene: CHRM5 were set to Congenital anomaly of kidney and urinary tract, (MONDO:0019719), CHRM5-related Review for gene: CHRM5 was set to RED Added comment: PMID: 37213061 - homozygous missense p.(Q184R) in a proband with neurogenic bladder and CAKUT. Additional features were small trabeculated urinary bladder, bilateral severe hydronephrosis, grade V VUR right, chronic kidney disease (stage 4). - Radioligand binding experiments were inconclusive - the missense variant had no effect on receptor expression or binding affinity. - ACh binding assay did show a 2-fold increase (borderline significant), but no effect in secondary messenger accumulation. - Transfected CHO line showed no effect on receptor expression - Described a mouse K/O as having a bladder overactivity No hom PTCs in gnomAD Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v1.711 | EPHA10 |
Achchuthan Shanmugasundram changed review comment from: Comment on rating: This gene should be rated RED as this gene has been associated with post-lingual autosomal dominant non-syndromic hearing loss from a single family, and supported by functional studies. PMID:36048850 reported the identification of a heterozygous non-coding variant c.-81_-73delinsAGC cosegregating with hearing loss. Although variants have been identified in KIF17 and USP48 in several members of this family, they did not cosegregate with hearing loss. One affected member of this family had an ideal hearing restoration after cochlear implantation. Epha10 was expressed in mouse cochlea at both transcription and translation levels. In addition, EPHA10 mRNA was detected upregulated in patients compared with controls by qRT-PCR. Overexpression of Eph (the homolog of human EPHA10) altered the structure and function of chordotonal organ (equivalent to mammalian auditory organs) in fly model. These functional evidence suggests that 'gain of function' may be responsible for the hearing loss phenotype. This gene has not yet been associated with any phenotypes in OMIM or Gene2Phenotype. Sources: Literature; to: Comment on rating: This gene should be rated RED as this gene has been associated with post-lingual autosomal dominant non-syndromic hearing loss from a single family, and supported by functional studies. PMID:36048850 reported the identification of a heterozygous non-coding variant c.-81_-73delinsAGC cosegregating with hearing loss. Although variants have been identified in KIF17 and USP48 in several members of this family, they did not cosegregate with hearing loss. One affected member of this family had an ideal hearing restoration after cochlear implantation. Epha10 was expressed in mouse cochlea at both transcription and translation levels. In addition, EPHA10 mRNA was detected upregulated in patients compared with controls by qRT-PCR. Overexpression of Eph (the homolog of human EPHA10) altered the structure and function of chordotonal organ (equivalent to mammalian auditory organs) in fly model. Particularly, Eph overexpressed flies had a poorer performance compared to controls in negative geotaxis assay. These functional evidence suggests that 'gain of function' may be responsible for the hearing loss phenotype. This gene has not yet been associated with any phenotypes in OMIM or Gene2Phenotype. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v1.711 | OXR1 |
Achchuthan Shanmugasundram changed review comment from: Comment on gene rating: This gene should be rated AMBER as there is one case and supportive functional data to associate OXR1 with hearing loss. A four years old girl was identified with a novel homozygous missense variant (c.233A > G, p.Lys78Arg) in OXR1 gene and was reported with sensorineural hearing loss. Functional studies in zebrafish model showed that the ortholog orx1b gene is expressed in the statoacoustic ganglion (SAG, a sensory ganglion of ear) and posterior lateral line ganglion (pLL). In addition, knockdown of oxr1b resulted in a significant developmental defect of SAG and pLL and this phenotype was rescued by co-injection of wild-type human OXR1 mRNAs, but not mutant OXR1 (c.233A > G) mRNAs.; to: Comment on gene rating: This gene should be rated AMBER as there is one case and supportive functional data to associate OXR1 with hearing loss. A four years old girl was identified with a novel homozygous missense variant (c.233A > G, p.Lys78Arg) in OXR1 gene and was reported with sensorineural hearing loss. Functional studies in zebrafish model showed that the ortholog orx1b gene is expressed in the statoacoustic ganglion (SAG, a sensory ganglion of ear) and posterior lateral line ganglion (pLL). In addition, knockdown of oxr1b resulted in a significant developmental defect of SAG and pLL and this phenotype was rescued by co-injection of wild-type human OXR1 mRNAs, but not mutant OXR1 (c.233A > G) mRNAs. This gene has not yet been associated with hearing loss either in OMIM or in Gene2Phenotype. |
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| Mendeliome v1.711 | EPHA10 |
Achchuthan Shanmugasundram changed review comment from: Comment on rating: This gene should be rated RED as this gene has been associated with post-lingual autosomal dominant non-syndromic hearing loss from a single family, and supported by functional studies. PMID:36048850 reported the identification of a heterozygous non-coding variant c.-81_-73delinsAGC cosegregating with hearing loss. Although variants have been identified in KIF17 and USP48 in several members of this family, they did not cosegregate with hearing loss. One affected member of this family had an ideal hearing restoration after cochlear implantation. Epha10 was expressed in mouse cochlea at both transcription and translation levels. In addition, EPHA10 mRNA was detected upregulated in patients compared with controls by qRT-PCR. Overexpression of Eph (the homolog of human EPHA10) altered the structure and function of chordotonal organ (equivalent to mammalian auditory organs) in fly model. These functional evidence suggests that 'gain of function' may be responsible for the hearing loss phenotype. This gene has not yet been associated with any phenotypes in OMIM or Gene2Phenotype. Sources: Literature; to: Comment on rating: This gene should be rated RED as this gene has been associated with post-lingual autosomal dominant non-syndromic hearing loss from a single family, and supported by functional studies. PMID:36048850 reported the identification of a heterozygous non-coding variant c.-81_-73delinsAGC cosegregating with hearing loss. Although variants have been identified in KIF17 and USP48 in several members of this family, they did not cosegregate with hearing loss. One affected member of this family had an ideal hearing restoration after cochlear implantation. Epha10 was expressed in mouse cochlea at both transcription and translation levels. In addition, EPHA10 mRNA was detected upregulated in patients compared with controls by qRT-PCR. Overexpression of Eph (the homolog of human EPHA10) altered the structure and function of chordotonal organ (equivalent to mammalian auditory organs) in fly model. These functional evidence suggests that 'gain of function' may be responsible for the hearing loss phenotype. This gene has not yet been associated with any phenotypes in OMIM or Gene2Phenotype. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v1.711 | EPHA10 |
Achchuthan Shanmugasundram gene: EPHA10 was added gene: EPHA10 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: EPHA10 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted Publications for gene: EPHA10 were set to 36048850 Phenotypes for gene: EPHA10 were set to postlingual non-syndromic genetic hearing loss, MONDO:0016298 Mode of pathogenicity for gene: EPHA10 was set to Loss-of-function variants (as defined in pop up message) DO NOT cause this phenotype - please provide details in the comments Review for gene: EPHA10 was set to RED Added comment: Comment on rating: This gene should be rated RED as this gene has been associated with post-lingual autosomal dominant non-syndromic hearing loss from a single family, and supported by functional studies. PMID:36048850 reported the identification of a heterozygous non-coding variant c.-81_-73delinsAGC cosegregating with hearing loss. Although variants have been identified in KIF17 and USP48 in several members of this family, they did not cosegregate with hearing loss. One affected member of this family had an ideal hearing restoration after cochlear implantation. Epha10 was expressed in mouse cochlea at both transcription and translation levels. In addition, EPHA10 mRNA was detected upregulated in patients compared with controls by qRT-PCR. Overexpression of Eph (the homolog of human EPHA10) altered the structure and function of chordotonal organ (equivalent to mammalian auditory organs) in fly model. These functional evidence suggests that 'gain of function' may be responsible for the hearing loss phenotype. This gene has not yet been associated with any phenotypes in OMIM or Gene2Phenotype. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v1.667 | STAT6 |
Zornitza Stark gene: STAT6 was added gene: STAT6 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: STAT6 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted Publications for gene: STAT6 were set to 36216080; 36758835 Phenotypes for gene: STAT6 were set to Allergic disease, MONDO:0005271, STAT6-related; early-onset multiorgan allergies Review for gene: STAT6 was set to GREEN Added comment: Two families reported with GoF variants and extensive functional data. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v1.656 | EFCAB1 |
Chirag Patel gene: EFCAB1 was added gene: EFCAB1 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: EFCAB1 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: EFCAB1 were set to PMID: 36727596 Phenotypes for gene: EFCAB1 were set to Primary ciliary dyskinesia and heterotaxy, no OMIM # Review for gene: EFCAB1 was set to GREEN Added comment: WES in 3 individuals with laterality defects and respiratory symptoms, identified homozygous pathogenic variants in CLXN (EFCAB1). They found Clxn expressed in mice left-right organizer. Transmission electron microscopy depicted outer dynein arm (ODA) defects in distal ciliary axonemes. Immunofluorescence microscopy revealed absence of CLXN from the ciliary axonemes, absence of the ODA components DNAH5, DNAI1 and DNAI2 from the distal axonemes, as well as mislocalization or absence of DNAH9. Additionally, CLXN is undetectable in ciliary axonemes of individuals with defects in the outer dynein arm docking (ODA-DC) machinery: ODAD1, ODAD2, ODAD3 and ODAD4. Moreover, SMED-EFCAB1-deficient planaria displayed ciliary dysmotility. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v1.626 | THBS1 |
Zornitza Stark gene: THBS1 was added gene: THBS1 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: THBS1 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted Publications for gene: THBS1 were set to 36453543 Phenotypes for gene: THBS1 were set to Congenital glaucoma MONDO:0020366, THBS1-related Review for gene: THBS1 was set to GREEN Added comment: Missense alleles altering p.Arg1034, a highly evolutionarily conserved amino acid, in 3 unrelated and ethnically diverse families affected by congenital glaucoma. Thbs1R1034C-mutant mice had elevated intraocular pressure (IOP), reduced ocular fluid outflow, and retinal ganglion cell loss. Histology revealed an abundant, abnormal extracellular accumulation of THBS1 with abnormal morphology of juxtacanalicular trabecular meshwork (TM), an ocular tissue critical for aqueous fluid outflow. Functional characterization showed that the THBS1 missense alleles found in affected individuals destabilized the THBS1 C-terminus, causing protein misfolding and extracellular aggregation. Analysis using a range of amino acid substitutions at position R1034 showed that the extent of aggregation was correlated with the change in protein-folding free energy caused by variations in amino acid structure. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v1.554 | SETD2 |
Zornitza Stark edited their review of gene: SETD2: Added comment: PMID 32710489: 12 unrelated patients, ranging from 1 month to 12 years of age, with a multisystemic neurodevelopmental disorder associated with a specific de novo heterozygous mutation in the SETD2 gene (R1740W). Key clinical features: severely impaired global development apparent from infancy, feeding difficulties with failure to thrive, small head circumference, and dysmorphic facial features. Affected individuals have impaired intellectual development and hypotonia; they do not achieve walking or meaningful speech. Other neurologic findings may include seizures, hearing loss, ophthalmologic defects, and brain imaging abnormalities. There is variable involvement of other organ systems, including skeletal, genitourinary, cardiac, and possibly endocrine. Further 3 unrelated patients identified with mild to moderately impaired intellectual development associated with a specific de novo heterozygous mutation in the SETD2 gene (R1740Q). These are distinct clinically from Luscan-Lumish syndrome, which is characterised by overgrowth.; Changed publications: 29681085, 32710489; Changed phenotypes: Luscan-Lumish syndrome, MIM#616831, Rabin-Pappas syndrome,MIM# 620155, Intellectual developmental disorder, autosomal dominant 70, MIM# 620157 |
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| Mendeliome v1.504 | FEM1C |
Paul De Fazio gene: FEM1C was added gene: FEM1C was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: FEM1C was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown Publications for gene: FEM1C were set to 36336956; 28135719; 33398170; 33398168 Phenotypes for gene: FEM1C were set to Neurodevelopmental disorder, FEM1C-related MONDO:0700092 Review for gene: FEM1C was set to GREEN gene: FEM1C was marked as current diagnostic Added comment: PMID:36336956 describes a 9-year-old boy with severe DD, lack of speech, pyramidal signs, and limb ataxia who had a de novo missense variant Asp126His in FEM1C ascertained by WES. The equivalent variant introduced into the nematode C.elegans resulted in disabled locomotion caused by synaptic abnormalities and not muscle dysfunction. An alternate change Asp126Val was reported in the DDD study de novo in a patient with uncharacterised developmental delay (PMID:28135719). The Asp126 residue (but not either of the variants above specifically) was shown to be functionally important by in vitro studies (PMID:33398170;33398168). The residue is highly conserved and located in a region of missense constraint. Borderline green, 2 patients and an animal model. Note all evidence points to the Asp126 residue being of specific importance. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v1.491 | KIF26A |
Chirag Patel gene: KIF26A was added gene: KIF26A was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: KIF26A was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: KIF26A were set to PMID: 36228617 Phenotypes for gene: KIF26A were set to Congenital brain malformations, no OMIM # Review for gene: KIF26A was set to GREEN Added comment: 5 unrelated patients with biallelic loss-of-function variants in KIF26A (found through WES), exhibiting a spectrum of congenital brain malformations (schizencephaly, corpus callosum anomalies, polymicrgyria, and ventriculomegaly). Combining mice and human iPSC-derived organoid models, they discovered that loss of KIF26A causes excitatory neuron-specific defects in radial migration, localization, dendritic and axonal growth, and apoptosis, offering a convincing explanation of the disease etiology in patients. Single-cell RNA sequencing in KIF26A knockout organoids revealed transcriptional changes in MAPK, MYC, and E2F pathways. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v1.421 | CLCN7 |
Zornitza Stark changed review comment from: Two individuals reported with same missense variant and hypopigmentation, organomegaly, and delayed myelination and development. Variant is GoF. No osteopetrosis, biopsy findings from skin and other organs are consistent with a lysosomal storage disorder. IUGR, prematurity and polyhydramnios are features. Bi-allelic variants in this gene are associated with osteopetrosis.; to: Two individuals reported with same missense variant and hypopigmentation, organomegaly, and delayed myelination and development. Variant is GoF. No osteopetrosis, biopsy findings from skin and other organs are consistent with a lysosomal storage disorder. IUGR, prematurity and polyhydramnios are features. Mono- and bi-allelic variants in this gene are associated with osteopetrosis. |
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| Mendeliome v1.421 | CLCN7 | Zornitza Stark edited their review of gene: CLCN7: Changed phenotypes: Hypopigmentation, organomegaly, and delayed myelination and development, MIM# 618541, Osteopetrosis, autosomal dominant 2, MIM# 166600, Osteopetrosis, autosomal recessive 4, MIM# 611490 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v1.348 | NSD2 | Zornitza Stark edited their review of gene: NSD2: Added comment: PMID 36189577: two individuals reported with a GoF variant, p.Glu1099Lys, and a distinct phenotype: intellectual disability, coarse/ square facial gestalt, abnormalities of the hands, and organomegaly.; Changed phenotypes: Rauch-Steindl syndrome, MIM# 619695, Microcephaly, intellectual disability, Neurodevelopmental disorder, NSD2-associated, GoF, MONDO:0700092 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v1.257 | KIF5B |
Chirag Patel gene: KIF5B was added gene: KIF5B was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: KIF5B was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted Publications for gene: KIF5B were set to PMID: 35342932 Phenotypes for gene: KIF5B were set to Kyphomelic dysplasia, no OMIM # Review for gene: KIF5B was set to GREEN Added comment: 4 individuals with Kyphomelic dysplasia (severe bowing of the limbs, sharp angulation of the femora and humeri, short stature, narrow thorax, distinctive facial features, and neonatal respiratory distress. WES found de novo heterozygous missense variants in KIF5B encoding kinesin-1 heavy chain. All variants involved conserved amino acids in or close to the ATPase activity-related motifs in the catalytic motor domain of the KIF5B protein. No functional studies of variants. Previously 2 animal model experiments showed that loss of function of KIF5B can cause kyphomelic dysplasia. First, chondrocyte-specific knockout of Kif5b in mice was shown to produce a disorganized growth plate, leading to bone deformity. Second, double mutants disrupting the two zebrafish kif5b caused abnormal skeletal morphogenesis and the curvature of Meckel's and ceratohyal cartilages. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v1.173 | PMM2 |
Zornitza Stark edited their review of gene: PMM2: Added comment: Association with HIPKD: Cabezas et al (2017) reported co-occurrence of hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia and polycystic kidney disease (HIPKD in 17 children from 11 unrelated families. Patients presented with hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia in infancy and enlarged kidneys with multiple kidney cysts. Some progressed to ESKD and some had liver cysts. Whole-genome linkage analysis in 5 informative families identified a single significant locus on chromosome 16p13.2. Sequencing of the coding regions of all linked genes failed to identify biallelic mutations. Instead, they found in all patients a promoter mutation (c.-167G>T) in PMM2, either homozygous or in trans with PMM2 coding mutations. They found deglycosylation in cultured pancreatic β cells altered insulin secretion. In vitro, the PMM2 promoter mutation associated with decreased transcriptional activity in patient kidney cells and impaired binding of the transcription factor ZNF143. In silico analysis suggested an important role of ZNF143 for the formation of a chromatin loop including PMM2. They proposed that the PMM2 promoter mutation alters tissue-specific chromatin loop formation, with consequent organ-specific deficiency of PMM2 leading to the restricted phenotype of HIPKD. None of the patients exhibited the typical clinical or diagnostic features of CDG1A. Serum transferrin glycosylation was normal in 11 patients who had assessment.; Changed publications: 28108845, 28373276, 32595772; Changed phenotypes: Congenital disorder of glycosylation, type Ia (MIM#212065), Hyperinsulinaemic Hypoglycaemia and Polycystic Kidney Disease (HIPKD), MONDO:0020642, PMM2-related |
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| Mendeliome v0.14716 | GAN | Zornitza Stark Marked gene: GAN as ready | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v0.14716 | GAN | Zornitza Stark Gene: gan has been classified as Green List (High Evidence). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v0.14716 | GAN | Zornitza Stark Phenotypes for gene: GAN were changed from to Giant axonal neuropathy-1, MIM# 256850 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v0.14715 | GAN | Zornitza Stark Publications for gene: GAN were set to | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v0.14714 | GAN | Zornitza Stark Mode of inheritance for gene: GAN was changed from Unknown to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v0.14710 | GCDH | Zornitza Stark Phenotypes for gene: GCDH were changed from to Glutaric aciduria, type I MIM#231670; Organic acidurias | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v0.14579 | GAN | Chirag Patel reviewed gene: GAN: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: PMID: 11062483; Phenotypes: Giant axonal neuropathy-1, MIM# 256850; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v0.14441 | MCEE | Zornitza Stark Phenotypes for gene: MCEE were changed from to Methylmalonyl-CoA epimerase deficiency MIM#251120; Organic acidurias | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v0.14438 | MCCC2 | Zornitza Stark Phenotypes for gene: MCCC2 were changed from to 3-Methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase 2 deficiency MIM#210210; Organic acidurias | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v0.14435 | MCCC2 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: MCCC2: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 31730530; Phenotypes: 3-Methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase 2 deficiency MIM#210210, Organic acidurias; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v0.14435 | MCCC1 | Zornitza Stark Phenotypes for gene: MCCC1 were changed from to 3-Methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase 1 deficiency MIM#210200; Organic acidurias | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v0.14432 | MCCC1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: MCCC1: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 31730530; Phenotypes: 3-Methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase 1 deficiency MIM#210200, Organic acidurias; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v0.12952 | PSTPIP1 | Zornitza Stark Phenotypes for gene: PSTPIP1 were changed from to Pyogenic sterile arthritis, pyoderma gangrenosum, and acne, MIM# 604416; PSTPIP1-associated myeloid-related proteinemia inflammatory (PAMI) syndrome | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v0.12949 | PSTPIP1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: PSTPIP1: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 11971877, 34938582, 34778321, 34745107, 34492165, 34047005; Phenotypes: Pyogenic sterile arthritis, pyoderma gangrenosum, and acne, MIM# 604416, PSTPIP1-associated myeloid-related proteinemia inflammatory (PAMI) syndrome; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v0.11540 | NDUFAF4 |
Krithika Murali edited their review of gene: NDUFAF4: Added comment: 3 unrelated families reported with patient-specific functional evidence provided for each. PMID: 32949790 - report two siblings with facial dysmorphism and lactic acidosis diagnosed neonatally with subsequent fatal early encephalopathy with apneic episodes, irritability, central hypoventilation, liver involvement and hyperammonemia. Cerebral white matter anomalies reported in one patient and cardiomyopathy in the other. WES identified homozygous nonsense NDUFAF4 variants with absent NDUFAF4 expression in patient fibroblasts. OXPHOS assembly studies demonstrated almost undetectable levels of fully assembled complex I and complex I–containing supercomplexes and an abnormal accumulation of SCIII2IV1 supercomplexes. Morphologically, fibroblasts showed rounder mitochondria and a diminished degree of branching of the mitochondrial network. PMID: 28853723 - report one patient born at 38 weeks after IOL for IUGR. Presented age 7 months with developmental regression, growth failure and central hypotonia. Brain MRI revealed diffuse bilateral signal alterations in the basal ganglia and thalami and an EEG showed generalized slowing with multifocal spikes consistent with an epileptogenic focus. Homozygous missense NDUFAF4 variants identified. Lentiviral complementation of patient fibroblasts with wild-type NDUFAF4 rescued complex I deficiency and assembly defect PMID 18179882 - report multiple affected individuals from one family. Most presented soon after birth with severe metabolic acidosis and high plasma lactate levels. Patients who survived longer were repeatedly admitted because of exacerbation of the acidosis during intercurrent infections. One long-term survivor had profound ID.; Changed publications: 32949790, 28853723, 18179882 |
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| Mendeliome v0.11295 | KIAA1109 |
Zornitza Stark changed review comment from: ALKKUCS is an autosomal recessive severe neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by arthrogryposis, brain abnormalities associated with cerebral parenchymal underdevelopment, and global developmental delay. Most affected individuals die in utero or soon after birth. Additional abnormalities may include hypotonia, dysmorphic facial features, and involvement of other organ systems, such as cardiac or renal. The few patients who survive have variable intellectual disability and may have seizures.; to: ALKKUCS is an autosomal recessive severe neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by arthrogryposis, brain abnormalities associated with cerebral parenchymal underdevelopment, and global developmental delay. Most affected individuals die in utero or soon after birth. Additional abnormalities may include hypotonia, dysmorphic facial features, and involvement of other organ systems, such as cardiac or renal. The few patients who survive have variable intellectual disability and may have seizures. More than 10 families reported. |
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| Mendeliome v0.11107 | AL117258.1 |
Melanie Marty changed review comment from: Gene also known as CIROP Homozygous or compound heterozygous CIROP variants identified in 12 families with congenital heart defects associated with heterotaxy. Functional tests performed on Xenopus and zebrafish embryos showed that CIROP was essential for left side symmetry and is expressed in ciliated left–right organisers. Sources: Literature; to: Gene also known as CIROP and LMLN2 Homozygous or compound heterozygous CIROP variants identified in 12 families with congenital heart defects associated with heterotaxy. Functional tests performed on Xenopus and zebrafish embryos showed that CIROP was essential for left side symmetry and is expressed in ciliated left–right organisers. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v0.11097 | AL117258.1 |
Melanie Marty gene: AL117258.1 was added gene: AL117258.1 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: AL117258.1 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: AL117258.1 were set to 34903892 Phenotypes for gene: AL117258.1 were set to Heterotaxy, congenital heart defects Review for gene: AL117258.1 was set to GREEN Added comment: Gene also known as CIROP Homozygous or compound heterozygous CIROP variants identified in 12 families with congenital heart defects associated with heterotaxy. Functional tests performed on Xenopus and zebrafish embryos showed that CIROP was essential for left side symmetry and is expressed in ciliated left–right organisers. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v0.11097 | HIST1H4F |
Elena Savva gene: HIST1H4F was added gene: HIST1H4F was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: HIST1H4F was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown Publications for gene: HIST1H4F were set to PMID: 35202563 Phenotypes for gene: HIST1H4F were set to Neurodevelopmental disorders Review for gene: HIST1H4F was set to AMBER Added comment: PMID: 35202563 - single de novo missense in a patient with neurodevelopmental features of intellectual disability and motor and/or gross developmental delay. - zebrafish studies show a significant increase in all of mild dev delay, necrosis, defective organogenesis and pre-gastrulation failure Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v0.11092 | HIST1H4I |
Elena Savva gene: HIST1H4I was added gene: HIST1H4I was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: HIST1H4I was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown Publications for gene: HIST1H4I were set to PMID: 35202563 Phenotypes for gene: HIST1H4I were set to Neurodevelopmental syndrome Review for gene: HIST1H4I was set to GREEN Added comment: PMID: 35202563 - 3 unrelated de novo patients, p.His75Arg was recurring and observed in 2/3 probands. - Zebrafish study shows both variants resulted in a significant increases in developmental issues such as in mild dev delay, necrosis and defective organogenesis. - All patients had intellectual disability and motor and/or gross developmental delay and dysmorphisms. - 2/3 patients showed bilateral conductive hearing loss Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v0.10577 | TLR8 | Zornitza Stark edited their review of gene: TLR8: Added comment: PMID 34981838: Monozygotic male twins, hemizygous for the G572V (maternally inherited), who suffer from severe autoimmune haemolytic anemia (AIHA) worsening with infections, and autoinflammation presenting as fevers, enteritis, arthritis and CNS vasculitis. Functional showed variant causes impaired stability of the TLR8 protein, cross-reactivity to TLR7 ligands and reduced ability of TLR8 to attenuate TLR7 signaling.; Changed publications: 33512449, 34981838; Changed phenotypes: Immunodeficiency, bone marrow failure, Autoinflammatory syndrome MONDO:0019751 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v0.10318 | GM2A | Zornitza Stark Phenotypes for gene: GM2A were changed from to GM2-gangliosidosis, AB variant MIM#272750 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v0.10312 | GM2A | Ain Roesley reviewed gene: GM2A: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 28417072, 28192816, 27402091, 33819415; Phenotypes: GM2-gangliosidosis, AB variant MIM#272750; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal; Current diagnostic: yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v0.10272 | USP53 | Zornitza Stark changed review comment from: Another 7 unrelated families with cholestasis reported. Jaundice began at age <7 months. Cholestasis was transient, with documented resolution of hyperbilirubinaemia in all (oldest patient aged 5 years). One individual had deafness.; to: Another 11 unrelated families with cholestasis reported. Jaundice began at age <7 months. Cholestasis was transient, with documented resolution of hyperbilirubinaemia in all (oldest patient aged 15 years). Childhood-onset deafness reported in two families. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v0.10253 | REL | Zornitza Stark Phenotypes for gene: REL were changed from Combined immunodeficiency; T cells: normal, decreased memory CD4, poor proliferation; B cells: low, mostly naive, few switched memory B cells, impaired proliferation; Recurrent infections with bacteria, mycobacteria, salmonella and opportunistic organisms; Defective innate immunity to Immunodeficiency 92, MIM# 619652; Combined immunodeficiency; T cells: normal, decreased memory CD4, poor proliferation; B cells: low, mostly naive, few switched memory B cells, impaired proliferation; Recurrent infections with bacteria, mycobacteria, salmonella and opportunistic organisms; Defective innate immunity | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v0.10250 | REL |
Zornitza Stark edited their review of gene: REL: Added comment: Second unrelated individual reported, homozygous splice site variant. Immunodeficiency-92 (IMD92) is an autosomal recessive primary immunodeficiency characterized by the onset of recurrent infections in infancy or early childhood. Infectious agents are broad, including bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic, including Cryptosporidium and Mycobacteria. Patient lymphocytes show defects in both T- and B-cell proliferation, cytokine secretion, and overall function, and there is also evidence of dysfunction of NK, certain antigen-presenting cells, and myeloid subsets.; Changed rating: AMBER; Changed publications: 31103457, 34623332; Changed phenotypes: Immunodeficiency 92, MIM# 619652, Combined immunodeficiency, T cells: normal, decreased memory CD4, poor proliferation, B cells: low, mostly naive, few switched memory B cells, impaired proliferation, Recurrent infections with bacteria, mycobacteria, salmonella and opportunistic organisms, Defective innate immunity |
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| Mendeliome v0.10119 | GLB1 | Zornitza Stark Phenotypes for gene: GLB1 were changed from to GM1-gangliosidosis, type I MIM#230500; GM1-gangliosidosis, type II MIM# 230600; GM1-gangliosidosis, type III MIM#230650; Mucopolysaccharidosis type IVB (Morquio) MIM#253010 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v0.10087 | GLB1 | Ain Roesley reviewed gene: GLB1: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 24156116; Phenotypes: GM1-gangliosidosis, type I MIM#230500, GM1-gangliosidosis, type II MIM# 230600, GM1-gangliosidosis, type III MIM#230650, Mucopolysaccharidosis type IVB (Morquio) MIM#253010; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal; Current diagnostic: yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v0.10071 | CLCN7 | Zornitza Stark Phenotypes for gene: CLCN7 were changed from to Hypopigmentation, organomegaly, and delayed myelination and development, MIM# 618541; Osteopetrosis, autosomal recessive 4, MIM# 611490 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v0.10068 | CLCN7 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: CLCN7: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 31155284; Phenotypes: Hypopigmentation, organomegaly, and delayed myelination and development, MIM# 618541, Osteopetrosis, autosomal recessive 4, MIM# 611490; Mode of inheritance: BOTH monoallelic and biallelic, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v0.10031 | HIBADH |
Zornitza Stark gene: HIBADH was added gene: HIBADH was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: HIBADH was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: HIBADH were set to 34176136 Phenotypes for gene: HIBADH were set to Organic aciduria Review for gene: HIBADH was set to RED Added comment: Single family reported with two siblings presenting with 3-Hydroxyisobutyric aciduria. Male sib with neurodevelopmental symptoms, female sibling asymptomatic. No functional studies Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v0.9338 | AIP |
Paul De Fazio changed review comment from: Germline variants in AIP cause predisposition to pituitary adenomas which may result in acromegaly. A 2015 cohort study of 143 patients with pituitary gigantism who consented to genetic testing found 29% had variants in AIP. Age at first symptoms was 9-13 years, age at diagnosis 14-20 years.; to: Germline variants in AIP cause predisposition to pituitary adenomas which may result in acromegaly. A 2015 cohort study of 143 patients with pituitary gigantism who consented to genetic testing found 29% had variants in AIP. Age at first symptoms was 9-13 years, age at diagnosis 14-20 years. Many patients have no family history, suggesting low penetrance. |
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| Mendeliome v0.9322 | BCL11A | Zornitza Stark Phenotypes for gene: BCL11A were changed from to Dias-Logan syndrome, MIM# 617101 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v0.9319 | BCL11A | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: BCL11A: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 27453576, 32903878; Phenotypes: Dias-Logan syndrome, MIM# 617101; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v0.9297 | WLS |
Teresa Zhao changed review comment from: - We identified homozygous mutations in 10 affected persons from 5 unrelated families. - Patients had multiorgan defects, including microcephal, facial dysmorphism, foot syndactyly, renal agenesis, alopecia, iris coloboma, and heart defects. - The mutations affected WLS protein stability and Wnt signaling. Knock-in mice showed tissue and cell vulnerability consistent with Wnt-signaling intensity and individual and collective functions of Wnts in embryogenesis. Sources: Literature; to: - Homozygous mutations in 10 affected persons from 5 unrelated families. - Patients had multiorgan defects, including microcephal, facial dysmorphism, foot syndactyly, renal agenesis, alopecia, iris coloboma, and heart defects. - The mutations affected WLS protein stability and Wnt signaling. Knock-in mice showed tissue and cell vulnerability consistent with Wnt-signaling intensity and individual and collective functions of Wnts in embryogenesis. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v0.9297 | WLS |
Teresa Zhao gene: WLS was added gene: WLS was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: WLS was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: WLS were set to PMID: 34587386 Phenotypes for gene: WLS were set to Syndromic structural birth defects Review for gene: WLS was set to GREEN Added comment: - We identified homozygous mutations in 10 affected persons from 5 unrelated families. - Patients had multiorgan defects, including microcephal, facial dysmorphism, foot syndactyly, renal agenesis, alopecia, iris coloboma, and heart defects. - The mutations affected WLS protein stability and Wnt signaling. Knock-in mice showed tissue and cell vulnerability consistent with Wnt-signaling intensity and individual and collective functions of Wnts in embryogenesis. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v0.8844 | TAP2 | Zornitza Stark Phenotypes for gene: TAP2 were changed from to Bare lymphocyte syndrome, type I, due to TAP2 deficiency MIM# 604571; Low CD8; absent MHC I on lymphocytes; Vasculitis; pyoderma gangrenosum; recurrent bacterial/viral respiratory infections; bronchiectasis | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v0.8841 | TAP1 | Zornitza Stark Phenotypes for gene: TAP1 were changed from to Bare lymphocyte syndrome, type I MIM#604571; Low CD8; absent MHC I on lymphocytes; vasculitis; pyoderma gangrenosum; skin lesions; recurrent respiratory tract infections; bronchiectasis | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v0.8835 | TAP2 | Danielle Ariti reviewed gene: TAP2: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 7517574, 9232449, 10560675, 27861817; Phenotypes: Bare lymphocyte syndrome, type I, due to TAP2 deficiency MIM# 604571, Low CD8, absent MHC I on lymphocytes, Vasculitis, pyoderma gangrenosum, recurrent bacterial/viral respiratory infections, bronchiectasis; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v0.8835 | TAP1 | Danielle Ariti reviewed gene: TAP1: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 28161407, 10074494, 1473153; Phenotypes: Bare lymphocyte syndrome, type I MIM#604571, Low CD8, absent MHC I on lymphocytes, vasculitis, pyoderma gangrenosum, skin lesions, recurrent respiratory tract infections, bronchiectasis; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v0.8601 | CLCN3 |
Kristin Rigbye gene: CLCN3 was added gene: CLCN3 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: CLCN3 was set to BOTH monoallelic and biallelic, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: CLCN3 were set to PMID: 34186028 Phenotypes for gene: CLCN3 were set to Neurodevelopmental disorder Mode of pathogenicity for gene: CLCN3 was set to Other Review for gene: CLCN3 was set to GREEN Added comment: 11 individuals reported, 9 that carried 8 different rare heterozygous missense variants in CLCN3, and 2 siblings that were homozygous for an NMD-predicted frameshift variant likely abolishing ClC-3 function. All missense variants were confirmed to be de novo in eight individuals for whom parental data was available. The 11 individuals in the cohort share clinical features of variable severity. All 11 have GDD or ID and dysmorphic features, and a majority has mood or behavioural disorders and structural brain abnormalities: - Structural brain abnormalities on MRI (9/11) included partial or full agenesis of the corpus callosum (6/9), disorganized cerebellar folia (4/9), delayed myelination (3/9), decreased white matter volume (3/9), pons hypoplasia (3/9), and dysmorphic dentate nuclei (3/9). Six of those with brain abnormalities also presented with seizures. - Nine have abnormal vision, including strabismus in four and inability to fix or follow in the two with homozygous loss-of-function variants. - Hypotonia ranging from mild to severe was reported in 7 of the 11 individuals. - Six have mood or behavioural disorders, particularly anxiety (3/6). - Consistent dysmorphic facial features included microcephaly, prominent forehead, hypertelorism, down-slanting palpebral fissures, full cheeks, and micrognathia. The severity of disease in the two siblings with homozygous disruption of ClC-3 is consistent with the drastic phenotype seen in Clcn3 KO mice. The disease was more severe in two siblings carrying homozygous loss-of-function variants with the presence of GDD, absent speech, seizures, and salt and pepper fundal pigmentation in both individuals, with one deceased at 14 months of age. The siblings also had significant neuroanatomical findings including diffusely decreased white matter volume, thin corpora callosa, small hippocampi, and disorganized cerebellar folia. Supporting biallelic inheritance for LoF variants, disruption of mouse Clcn3 results in drastic neurodegeneration with loss of the hippocampus a few months after birth and early retinal degeneration. Clcn3−/− mice display severe neurodegeneration, whereas heterozygous Clcn3+/− mice appear normal. Patch-clamp studies were used to investigate four of the missense variants. These suggested a gain of function in two variants with increased current in HEK cells, however they also showed reduced rectification of voltage and a loss of transient current, plus decreased current amplitude, glycosylation and surface expression when expressed in oocytes, and were suspected to interfere with channel gating and a negative feedback mechanism. These effects were also shown to vary depending on pH levels. The current of the remaining two variants did not differ from WT. For heterozygous missense variants, the disruption induced may be at least partially conferred to mutant/WT homodimers and mutant/ClC-4 heterodimers. Both loss and gain of function in this gene resulted in the same phenotype. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v0.8598 | SPTBN1 |
Belinda Chong changed review comment from: PMID: 34211179 - Heterozygous SPTBN1 variants in 29 individuals with developmental, language and motor delays; mild to severe intellectual disability; autistic features; seizures; behavioral and movement abnormalities; hypotonia; and variable dysmorphic facial features. - Show that these SPTBN1 variants lead to effects that affect βII-spectrin stability, disrupt binding to key molecular partners, and disturb cytoskeleton organization and dynamics. PMID: 33847457 - Common features include global developmental delays, intellectual disability, and behavioral disturbances. Autistic features (4/6) and epilepsy (2/7) or abnormal electroencephalogram without overt seizures (1/7) were present in a subset. - identified seven unrelated individuals with heterozygous SPTBN1 variants: two with de novo missense variants and five with predicted loss-of-function variants (found to be de novo in two, while one was inherited from a mother with a history of learning disabilities). - Identification of loss-of-function variants suggests a haploinsufficiency mechanism, but additional functional studies are required to fully elucidate disease pathogenesis. Sources: Literature; to: PMID: 34211179 - Heterozygous SPTBN1 variants in 29 individuals with developmental, language and motor delays; mild to severe intellectual disability; autistic features; seizures (9/29); behavioral and movement abnormalities; hypotonia; and variable dysmorphic facial features. - Show that these SPTBN1 variants lead to effects that affect βII-spectrin stability, disrupt binding to key molecular partners, and disturb cytoskeleton organization and dynamics. PMID: 33847457 - Common features include global developmental delays, intellectual disability, and behavioral disturbances. Autistic features (4/6) and epilepsy (2/7) or abnormal electroencephalogram without overt seizures (1/7) were present in a subset. - identified seven unrelated individuals with heterozygous SPTBN1 variants: two with de novo missense variants and five with predicted loss-of-function variants (found to be de novo in two, while one was inherited from a mother with a history of learning disabilities). - Identification of loss-of-function variants suggests a haploinsufficiency mechanism, but additional functional studies are required to fully elucidate disease pathogenesis. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v0.8586 | SPTBN1 |
Belinda Chong gene: SPTBN1 was added gene: SPTBN1 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: SPTBN1 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown Publications for gene: SPTBN1 were set to PMID: 34211179; PMID: 33847457 Phenotypes for gene: SPTBN1 were set to Neurodevelopmental Syndrome Review for gene: SPTBN1 was set to GREEN Added comment: PMID: 34211179 - Heterozygous SPTBN1 variants in 29 individuals with developmental, language and motor delays; mild to severe intellectual disability; autistic features; seizures; behavioral and movement abnormalities; hypotonia; and variable dysmorphic facial features. - Show that these SPTBN1 variants lead to effects that affect βII-spectrin stability, disrupt binding to key molecular partners, and disturb cytoskeleton organization and dynamics. PMID: 33847457 - Common features include global developmental delays, intellectual disability, and behavioral disturbances. Autistic features (4/6) and epilepsy (2/7) or abnormal electroencephalogram without overt seizures (1/7) were present in a subset. - identified seven unrelated individuals with heterozygous SPTBN1 variants: two with de novo missense variants and five with predicted loss-of-function variants (found to be de novo in two, while one was inherited from a mother with a history of learning disabilities). - Identification of loss-of-function variants suggests a haploinsufficiency mechanism, but additional functional studies are required to fully elucidate disease pathogenesis. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v0.8462 | RAD21 | Zornitza Stark Phenotypes for gene: RAD21 were changed from ?Mungan syndrome, 611376; Cornelia de Lange syndrome 4, 614701; Holoprocencephaly to Mungan syndrome, 611376; Cornelia de Lange syndrome 4, 614701; Holoprocencephaly | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v0.8460 | RAD21 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: RAD21: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 14638363, 32193685, 25575569; Phenotypes: Mungan syndrome, MIM# 611376: Barrett esophagus, megaduodenum, cardiac abnormalities; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v0.8334 | DYNC2H1 |
Zornitza Stark changed review comment from: More than 50 unrelated families reported.; to: More than 50 unrelated families reported with predominantly skeletal dysplasia. Association with RP: - Five affected probands with homozygous and compound heterozygous missense and PTC variants - Associated with the NM_001080463.1 transcript (predominant isoform in retina from retinal organoid studies). PMID 32753734 |
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| Mendeliome v0.8292 | RING1 |
Eleanor Williams gene: RING1 was added gene: RING1 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: RING1 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown Publications for gene: RING1 were set to 29386386 Phenotypes for gene: RING1 were set to microcephaly; intellectual disability Review for gene: RING1 was set to RED Added comment: Not associated with any phenotype in OMIM. PMID: 29386386 - Pierce et al 2018 - report a 13 yo female with a de novo RING1 p.R95Q variant and syndromic neurodevelopmental disabilities. Early motor and language development were normal but were delayed after the first year of life. Cognitive testing showed a verbal IQ of 55 and a visual performance IQ of 63. Head circumference at birth was -4.9 SD, and -4.2 SD at age 13 which falls into the severe microcephaly category. C. elegans with either the missense mutation or complete knockout of spat-3 (the suggested RING1 ortholog) were defective in monoubiquitylation of histone H2A and had defects in neuronal migration and axon guidance. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v0.8053 | NFS1 | Zornitza Stark Phenotypes for gene: NFS1 were changed from Complex II/III deficiency; multisystem organ failure to Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 52, MIM#619386; Complex II/III deficiency; multisystem organ failure | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v0.8051 | NFS1 | Zornitza Stark edited their review of gene: NFS1: Changed phenotypes: Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 52, MIM#619386, Complex II/III deficiency, multisystem organ failure | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v0.7993 | FARSA | Zornitza Stark edited their review of gene: FARSA: Added comment: Schuch et al. (2021) report 3 unrelated individuals with bi-allelic variants in FARSA. Identified through WES and variants segregated with disease. Functional evidence was obtained with reduced FARS1 enzyme activity levels in fibroblasts or EBV-transformed lymphoblastoid cell lines (EBV-LCLs) of patients. Common to all was a chronic interstitial lung disease starting early in life and characterized by bilateral ground-glass opacification on HR-CT, and cholesterol pneumonitis in lung histology. Additional abnormalities in other organ systems include liver disease, neurological manifestations, and growth restriction.; Changed rating: GREEN; Changed publications: 31355908, 33598926; Changed phenotypes: Rajab interstitial lung disease with brain calcifications 2, MIM# 619013 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v0.7891 | CADM3 |
Teresa Zhao gene: CADM3 was added gene: CADM3 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: CADM3 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown Publications for gene: CADM3 were set to PMID: 33889941 Phenotypes for gene: CADM3 were set to Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease Review for gene: CADM3 was set to AMBER Added comment: Three families reported with the same missense variant in CADM3 p.Tyr172Cys (one family de novo), with mice work to show reduced expression of the mutant protein in axons and abnormal axonal organization. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v0.7493 | PDGFRB | Zornitza Stark Phenotypes for gene: PDGFRB were changed from Premature aging syndrome, Penttinen type, 601812 to Basal ganglia calcification, idiopathic, 4, MIM# 615007; Kosaki overgrowth syndrome, MIM# 616592; Myeloproliferative disorder with eosinophilia, MIM# 131440; Myofibromatosis, infantile, 1, MIM# 228550; Premature ageing syndrome, Penttinen type, MIM# 601812 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v0.7491 | PDGFRB | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: PDGFRB: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: Basal ganglia calcification, idiopathic, 4, MIM# 615007, Kosaki overgrowth syndrome, MIM# 616592, Myeloproliferative disorder with eosinophilia, MIM# 131440, Myofibromatosis, infantile, 1, MIM# 228550, Premature ageing syndrome, Penttinen type, MIM# 601812; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v0.7412 | MECR | Zornitza Stark Phenotypes for gene: MECR were changed from to Dystonia, childhood-onset, with optic atrophy and basal ganglia abnormalities, MIM# 617282; MONDO:0015003 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v0.7409 | MECR | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: MECR: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 27817865, 33401012, 31137067, 31070877; Phenotypes: Dystonia, childhood-onset, with optic atrophy and basal ganglia abnormalities, MIM# 617282, MONDO:0015003; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v0.7220 | SDHA | Zornitza Stark Phenotypes for gene: SDHA were changed from to Mitochondrial complex II deficiency, nuclear type 1, MIM# 252011; Cardiomyopathy, dilated, 1GG, MIM# 613642; Neurodegeneration with ataxia and late-onset optic atrophy, MIM# 619259; Paragangliomas 5 , MIM#614165 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v0.7217 | SDHA | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: SDHA: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 10976639, 27683074, 7550341, 22972948, 20551992, 21752896; Phenotypes: Mitochondrial complex II deficiency, nuclear type 1, MIM# 252011, Cardiomyopathy, dilated, 1GG, MIM# 613642, Neurodegeneration with ataxia and late-onset optic atrophy, MIM# 619259, Paragangliomas 5 , MIM#614165; Mode of inheritance: BOTH monoallelic and biallelic, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v0.7191 | UNC50 |
Arina Puzriakova gene: UNC50 was added gene: UNC50 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: UNC50 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: UNC50 were set to 29016857; 33820833 Phenotypes for gene: UNC50 were set to Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita Review for gene: UNC50 was set to AMBER Added comment: UNC50 is currently not associated with any phenotype in OMIM (last edited on 02/01/2018) or Gene2Phenotype. - PMID: 29016857 (2017) - Homozygosity mapping of disease loci combined with WES in a single male from a consanguineous family presenting with lethal AMC revealed a homozygous frameshift deletion in UNC50 gene (c.750_751del:p.Cys251Phefs*4). Functional studies in C. elegans showed the variant caused loss of acetylcholine receptor expression in the muscle. - PMID: 33820833 (2021) - Single individual reported with the same homozygous c.750_751del:p.Cys251Phefs*4 variant in UNC50 as previously described. The case was identified from a cohort of 315 genetically undiagnosed and unrelated AMC families. Arthrogryposis and tetra ventricular dilation were detected prenatally. -- Note: it isn't definitively clear whether these are different individuals. Both are singleton males born to consanguineous parents, with the same variant and similar phenotype. Also both infants died at 28 w.g. However, the 2021 paper (PMID:33820833) states their patient was selected from a cohort of cases without a molecular diagnosis and indicate the UNC50 gene had already previously been identified in relation to this phenotype, highlighting the earlier paper (PMID:29016857). There is also no mention of tetra ventricular dilation in the first case, so it is likely that these do represent distinct individuals. Additional cases needed to provide clarity. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v0.7191 | PLCH1 |
Arina Puzriakova gene: PLCH1 was added gene: PLCH1 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: PLCH1 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: PLCH1 were set to 33820834 Phenotypes for gene: PLCH1 were set to Holoprosencephaly spectrum; Severe developmental delay; Brain malformations Review for gene: PLCH1 was set to AMBER Added comment: PLCH1 is currently not associated with any phenotype in OMIM (last edited on 16/06/2009) or Gene2Phenotype. - PMID: 33820834 (2021) - Two sibling pairs from two unrelated families with a holoprosencephaly spectrum phenotype and different homozygous PLCH1 variants (c.2065C>T, p.Arg689* and c.4235delA, p.Cys1079ValfsTer16, respectively). One family presented with congenital hydrocephalus, epilepsy, significant developmental delay and a monoventricle or fused thalami; while sibs from the second family had alobar holoprosencephaly and cyclopia. 3/4 individuals also displayed a cleft palate and congenital heart disease. Human embryo immunohistochemistry showed PLCH1 to be expressed in the notorcord, developing spinal cord (in a ventral to dorsal gradient), dorsal root ganglia, cerebellum and dermatomyosome. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v0.7172 | FAT1 |
Ee Ming Wong changed review comment from: - 5 consanguineous families with homozygous frameshift mutations in FAN1 - FAN1 KO mice had microphthalmia, with fully penetrant coloboma which was not observed in heterozygous mice - in human retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells, FAN1 knockdown resulted in compromised early cell-cell junction integrity and filament organisation; to: - 5 consanguineous families with homozygous frameshift mutations in FAT1 - FAT1 KO mice had microphthalmia, with fully penetrant coloboma which was not observed in heterozygous mice - in human retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells, FAT1 knockdown resulted in compromised early cell-cell junction integrity and filament organisation |
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| Mendeliome v0.7128 | ERBB2 | Teresa Zhao reviewed gene: ERBB2: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 33720042; Phenotypes: Hirschsprung disease (HSCR, aganglionic megacolon, MIM#142623); Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v0.7121 | ERBB3 | Teresa Zhao reviewed gene: ERBB3: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 33720042; Phenotypes: Hirschsprung disease (HSCR, aganglionic megacolon, MIM#142623; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v0.7121 | SYK |
Paul De Fazio gene: SYK was added gene: SYK was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: SYK was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown Publications for gene: SYK were set to 33782605 Phenotypes for gene: SYK were set to Immune dysregulation and systemic inflammation Mode of pathogenicity for gene: SYK was set to Other Review for gene: SYK was set to GREEN gene: SYK was marked as current diagnostic Added comment: 5 unrelated patients with monoallelic missense variants in SYK with immune deficiency, multi-organ inflammatory disease such as colitis, arthritis and dermatitis, and diffuse large B cell lymphomas. 2 patients were confirmed de novo, others were undetermined. Variants exhibited a GoF effect in functional studies. A knock-in mouse model of a patient variant recapitulated aspects of the human disease. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v0.7103 | HEXA | Zornitza Stark Phenotypes for gene: HEXA were changed from GM2-gangliosidosis, several forms 272800; Tay-Sachs disease 272800 to GM2-gangliosidosis, several forms 272800; Tay-Sachs disease 272800; MONDO:0010100 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v0.7084 | FBN2 |
Zornitza Stark edited their review of gene: FBN2: Added comment: The association between mono-allelic variants in FBN2 and CCA is well established. Recent report of bi-allelic variants, Kloth (2021): biallelic FBN2 variants (PTC/missense) in a teenager with severe CCA, including cardiac defects, mild scoliosis and muscular involvement. Carrier parents both "healthy/unaffected". Phenotype matches mouse K/O. Authors performed a lit review and identified an additional 2 homozygous patients (both missense variants) with - fetal akinesia, brain ischemia and neonatal death - severe muscle weakness with bilateral clubfeet, a pronounced gait disturbance, recurrent patellar dislocations, flexion contractures, camptodactyly, widespread striae and an unusual myofibrillar disorganization, variation in fiber size and atrophic fibers in muscle biopsy. Evidence for association with Macular degeneration, early-onset MIM#616118 is limited. One family reported, plus some rare variants reported in cohort studies. The familial variant p.Glu1144Lys is present in 11 hets in gnomad and has benign in silicos. The second variant reported in the paper, p.Met1247Thr is present in >20 hets.; Changed rating: GREEN; Changed publications: 33571691; Changed phenotypes: Contractural arachnodactyly, congenital MIM#121050, Macular degeneration, early-onset MIM#616118; Changed mode of inheritance: BOTH monoallelic and biallelic, autosomal or pseudoautosomal |
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| Mendeliome v0.6793 | MPEG1 |
Zornitza Stark gene: MPEG1 was added gene: MPEG1 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Expert list Mode of inheritance for gene: MPEG1 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted Publications for gene: MPEG1 were set to 33224153; 33692780; 28422754 Phenotypes for gene: MPEG1 were set to Immunodeficiency 77, MIM# 619223 Review for gene: MPEG1 was set to GREEN Added comment: Immunodeficiency-77 (IMD77) is an immunologic disorder characterized by recurrent and persistent polymicrobial infections with multiple unusual organisms. Skin and pulmonary infections are the most common, consistent with increased susceptibility to epithelial cell infections. The age at onset is highly variable: some patients have recurrent infections from childhood, whereas others present in late adulthood. The limited number of reported patients are all female, suggesting incomplete penetrance or a possible sex-influenced trait. Patient cells, mainly macrophages, show impaired killing of intracellular bacteria and organisms, including nontubercular mycobacteria, although there is also impaired killing of other organisms, such as Pseudomonas, Candida, and Aspergillus. Four individuals reported, functional data, including animal model. Sources: Expert list |
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| Mendeliome v0.6293 | SUGCT | Zornitza Stark Phenotypes for gene: SUGCT were changed from to Glutaric aciduria III MIM#231690; Organic acidurias | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v0.6289 | SUGCT | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: SUGCT: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 28766179, 18926513, 33483254, 32779420, 27604308; Phenotypes: Glutaric aciduria III MIM#231690, Organic acidurias; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v0.6234 | SLC39A14 | Zornitza Stark Phenotypes for gene: SLC39A14 were changed from to Hypermanganesemia with dystonia 2, MIM# 617013 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v0.6231 | SLC39A14 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: SLC39A14: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 27231142, 29685658; Phenotypes: Hypermanganesemia with dystonia 2, MIM# 617013; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v0.6207 | WBP11 |
Eleanor Williams gene: WBP11 was added gene: WBP11 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: WBP11 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown Publications for gene: WBP11 were set to 33276377 Phenotypes for gene: WBP11 were set to malformation syndrome affecting the cardiac, skeletal, gastrointestinal and renal systems Review for gene: WBP11 was set to GREEN Added comment: PMID: 33276377 - Martin et al 2020 - report 13 affected individuals from 7 unrelated families identified through various different cohort analysis (vertebral malformation, renal hypodysplasia, syndromic esophageal atresia, multiple congenital anomalies) in whom a WBP11 heterozygous variant is considered the top causative candidate. 5 identified variants were predicted to be protein truncating whilst the 6th was a missense variant. All variants are absent from population databases. In family 1, the variant was inherited from the apparently unaffected mother, indicating reduced penetrance, and phenotypic variance within families was observed. Phenotypes covered cardiac, vertebral, renal, craniofacial and gastrointestinal systems. At least at least 5 of the patients affected had features in three component organs so can be considered a VACTERL association. Wbp11 heterozygous null mice had vertebral and renal anomalies. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v0.6171 | CLRN2 |
Paul De Fazio gene: CLRN2 was added gene: CLRN2 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: CLRN2 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: CLRN2 were set to 33496845 Phenotypes for gene: CLRN2 were set to Non-syndromic hearing loss Review for gene: CLRN2 was set to AMBER gene: CLRN2 was marked as current diagnostic Added comment: Missense variant segregates with non-syndromic hearing loss in 3 members of a consanguineous family, two from one nuclear family and one from another. The variant was also shown to result in some transcripts being abnormally spliced, resulting in a premature stop codon. Functional studies in zebrafish and mice show the gene plays an essential role in normal organization and maintenance of the auditory hair bundles, and for hearing function. Rated Amber due to supporting functional studies in mice. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v0.6141 | NDUFC2 |
Zornitza Stark gene: NDUFC2 was added gene: NDUFC2 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Expert list Mode of inheritance for gene: NDUFC2 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: NDUFC2 were set to 32969598 Phenotypes for gene: NDUFC2 were set to Mitochondrial complex I deficiency, nuclear type 36, MIM# 619170 Review for gene: NDUFC2 was set to AMBER Added comment: Mitochondrial complex I deficiency nuclear type 36 (MC1DN36) is an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder characterized by global developmental delay, hypotonia, and failure to thrive apparent from infancy or early childhood. Affected individuals usually do not acquire ambulation, show progressive spasticity, and have impaired intellectual development with absent speech. More variable features may include pale optic discs, poor eye contact, seizures, and congenital heart defects. Laboratory studies show increased serum lactate; metabolic acidosis may occur during stress or infection. Brain imaging shows T2-weighted abnormalities in the basal ganglia and brainstem, consistent with a clinical diagnosis of Leigh syndrome. Two unrelated families reported, some functional data. Sources: Expert list |
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| Mendeliome v0.6119 | FOXF1 |
Zornitza Stark changed review comment from: Congenital alveolar capillary dysplasia with misalignment of pulmonary veins (ACDMPV) is characterized histologically by failure of formation and ingrowth of alveolar capillaries that then do not make contact with alveolar epithelium, medial muscular thickening of small pulmonary arterioles with muscularization of the intraacinar arterioles, thickened alveolar walls, and anomalously situated pulmonary veins running alongside pulmonary arterioles and sharing the same adventitial sheath. Less common features include a reduced number of alveoli and a patchy distribution of the histopathologic changes. The disorder is associated with persistent pulmonary hypertension of the neonate and shows varying degrees of lability and severity. Affected infants present with respiratory distress resulting from pulmonary hypertension in the early postnatal period, and the disease is uniformly fatal within the newborn period. Additional features of ACDMPV include multiple congenital anomalies affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, genitourinary, and musculoskeletal systems, as well as disruption of the normal right-left asymmetry of intrathoracic or intraabdominal organs.; to: Congenital alveolar capillary dysplasia with misalignment of pulmonary veins (ACDMPV) is characterized histologically by failure of formation and ingrowth of alveolar capillaries that then do not make contact with alveolar epithelium, medial muscular thickening of small pulmonary arterioles with muscularization of the intraacinar arterioles, thickened alveolar walls, and anomalously situated pulmonary veins running alongside pulmonary arterioles and sharing the same adventitial sheath. Less common features include a reduced number of alveoli and a patchy distribution of the histopathologic changes. The disorder is associated with persistent pulmonary hypertension of the neonate and shows varying degrees of lability and severity. Affected infants present with respiratory distress resulting from pulmonary hypertension in the early postnatal period, and the disease is uniformly fatal within the newborn period. Additional features of ACDMPV include multiple congenital anomalies affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, genitourinary, and musculoskeletal systems, as well as disruption of the normal right-left asymmetry of intrathoracic or intraabdominal organs. Over 50 families reported. |
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| Mendeliome v0.6102 | CBY1 |
Bryony Thompson gene: CBY1 was added gene: CBY1 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: CBY1 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: CBY1 were set to 33131181; 25103236; 25220153 Phenotypes for gene: CBY1 were set to intellectual disability; cerebellar ataxia; molar tooth sign; polydactyly; Joubert syndrome Review for gene: CBY1 was set to GREEN Added comment: Three cases in two unrelated consanguineous families with homozygous loss of function variants. Multiple null model organisms recapitulate the human phenotype: Null mouse model had cystic kidneys, a phenotype common to ciliopathies. Reducing Cby levels in Xenopus laevis model reduced the density of multiciliated cells, the number of basal bodies per multiciliated cell, and the numbers of neural tube primary cilia; it also led to abnormal development of the neural crest, central nervous system, and pronephros. Depletion of cby1 in zebrafish results in ciliopathy‐related phenotypes. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v0.5772 | PDGFB | Zornitza Stark Phenotypes for gene: PDGFB were changed from to Basal ganglia calcification, idiopathic, 5 , MIM#615483 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v0.5769 | PDGFB | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: PDGFB: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 23913003, 30952898, 30609140; Phenotypes: Basal ganglia calcification, idiopathic, 5 , MIM#615483; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v0.5553 | MINPP1 |
Zornitza Stark gene: MINPP1 was added gene: MINPP1 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: MINPP1 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: MINPP1 were set to 33257696 Phenotypes for gene: MINPP1 were set to Pontocerebellar hypoplasia Review for gene: MINPP1 was set to GREEN Added comment: 8 individuals from 6 unrelated families reported with bi-allelic LOF variants. All presented with almost complete absence of motor and cognitive development, progressive or congenital microcephaly, spastic tetraplegia or dystonia, and vision impairments. For most, the first symptoms included neonatal severe axial hypotonia and epilepsy that started during the first months or years of life. Prenatal symptoms of microcephaly associated with increased thalami echogenicity were detected in one, while the seven other individuals presented with progressive microcephaly. Some exhibited rapidly progressive phenotype and the affected children died in their infancy or middle-childhood. Strikingly, all the affected children had a unique brain MRI showing a mild to severe PCH, fluid-filled posterior fossa, with dilated lateral ventricles. In addition, severe atrophy at the level of the basal ganglia or thalami often associated with typical T2 hypersignal were identified in all the patients MRI. Supportive functional data showing accumulation of highly phosphorylated inositols, mostly inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6), detected in HEK293 cells, fibroblasts, iPSCs and differentiating neurons lacking MINPP1. In mutant cells, higher IP6 level is expected to be associated with an increased chelation of intracellular cations, such as iron or calcium, resulting in decreased levels of available ions. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v0.5216 | SLC30A10 | Zornitza Stark Phenotypes for gene: SLC30A10 were changed from to Hypermanganesemia with dystonia 1, MIM# 613280 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v0.5213 | SLC30A10 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: SLC30A10: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 22341972, 22341971, 29193034; Phenotypes: Hypermanganesemia with dystonia 1, MIM# 613280; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v0.4920 | SLC20A2 | Zornitza Stark Phenotypes for gene: SLC20A2 were changed from Basal ganglia calcification, idiopathic, 1, MIM# 213600 to Basal ganglia calcification, idiopathic, 1, MIM# 213600; ?hereditary multiple exostoses | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v0.4917 | SLC20A2 | Elena Savva reviewed gene: SLC20A2: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: Other; Publications: PMID 24209445, 23437308, 32705272, 27943094; Phenotypes: Basal ganglia calcification, idiopathic, 1213600, ?hereditary multiple exostoses; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v0.4862 | VPS41 |
Zornitza Stark gene: VPS41 was added gene: VPS41 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: VPS41 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: VPS41 were set to 32808683 Phenotypes for gene: VPS41 were set to Dystonia; intellectual disability Review for gene: VPS41 was set to RED Added comment: Single individual reported with homozygous canonical splice site variant resulting in exon 7 skipping, and global developmental delay and generalized dystonia. He attained a few words and voluntary limb movements but never sat unsupported. He had pale optic discs and an axonal neuropathy. From 6 years of age, his condition began to deteriorate, with reduced motor abilities and alertness. An MRI of the brain showed atrophy of the superior cerebellar vermis and slimming of the posterior limb of the corpus callosum. VPS41 is component of the HOPS complex and other genes in the complex have been implicated in movement disorders. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v0.4743 | PRKD1 |
Zornitza Stark changed review comment from: PMID: 32817298 (2020) - Two additional unrelated cases with de novo variants, c.1774G>C and c.1808G>A, and telangiectasia, ectodermal dysplasia, brachydactyly and congenital heart disease. Functional analysis using in vitro kinase assays with recombinant proteins showed that the c.1808G>A, p.(Arg603His) variant represents a gain-of-function mutation encoding an enzyme with a constitutive, lipid-independent catalytic activity. The c.1774G>C, p.(Gly592Arg) variant in contrast shows a defect in substrate phosphorylation representing a loss-of-function mutation. c.1774G>C, p.(Gly592Arg) is recurrent, reported in 3/5 individuals.; to: PMID: 27479907 (2016): three individuals reported, two with the c.1774G>A variant and one with the c.896T>G variant. All had congenital heart disease, two had some developmental delay, and two had variable features of ectodermal dysplasia, including sparse hair, dry skin, thin skin, fragile nails, premature loss of primary teeth, and small widely spaced teeth; the third individuals had a 'disorganized eyebrow.' PMID: 32817298 (2020) - Two additional unrelated cases with de novo variants, c.1774G>C and c.1808G>A, and telangiectasia, ectodermal dysplasia, brachydactyly and congenital heart disease. Functional analysis using in vitro kinase assays with recombinant proteins showed that the c.1808G>A, p.(Arg603His) variant represents a gain-of-function mutation encoding an enzyme with a constitutive, lipid-independent catalytic activity. The c.1774G>C, p.(Gly592Arg) variant in contrast shows a defect in substrate phosphorylation representing a loss-of-function mutation. c.1774G>C, p.(Gly592Arg) is recurrent, reported in 3/5 individuals. |
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| Mendeliome v0.4557 | XPR1 | Zornitza Stark Phenotypes for gene: XPR1 were changed from to Basal ganglia calcification, idiopathic, 6, MIM# 616413 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v0.4554 | XPR1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: XPR1: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 25938945; Phenotypes: Basal ganglia calcification, idiopathic, 6, MIM# 616413; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v0.4551 | KIAA1161 | Zornitza Stark Phenotypes for gene: KIAA1161 were changed from Basal ganglia calcification, idiopathic, 7, autosomal recessive; OMIM #618317; primary familial brain calcifications (PFBC); ataxia; dysarthria; cerebellar atrophy; akinetic-hypertonic syndrome to Basal ganglia calcification, idiopathic, 7, MIM #618317; primary familial brain calcifications (PFBC); ataxia; dysarthria; cerebellar atrophy; akinetic-hypertonic syndrome | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v0.4520 | SLC12A2 |
Zornitza Stark edited their review of gene: SLC12A2: Added comment: Monoallelic : DD/ID was a feature in >= 6 individuals with monoallelic de novo SLC12A2. An individual with an exon 22 truncating variant was reported to have normal milestones and cognitive function. Exon 21 variants have been described in individuals with rather isolated hearing impairment (possibly some associated motor delay, but normal cognition). Hearing impairment was also reported in 2/6 patients with variants in other exons (1 missense / 1 frameshift). Biallelic : DD/ID was reported in at least 3 individuals in literature. Hearing impairment has been reported on 2 occasions (although this was not probably evaluated in all subjects). --- Monoallelic SLC12A2 mutations : ► Individuals with de novo mutations and developmental disorder were first identified by the DDD study (2017 - PMID: 28135719). 5 of them have been reported in detail by McNeill et al (below). ► McNeill et al (2020 - PMID: 32658972) report on 6 individuals with neurodevelopmental disorder due to de novo SLC12A2 mutation. All presented DD or ID ranging from mild to severe. ASD was reported in 3/6. Sensorineural hearing loss was a feature in 2/6 with the remaining having normal formal evaluations. Brain, cardiac and/or additional malformations were reported in a single individual. Following non-diagnostic prior work-up (CMA, FMR1 or other investigations) trio exome sequencing revealed missense (4/6) or truncating variants (2/6). Three additional individuals (incl. a father and his son) with missense variants in exon 21 (NM_001046.3 / p.Glu979Lys and p.Glu980Lys) presented with bilateral sensorineural hearing loss. Speech and/or motor delay reported in these cases were attributed to the hearing impairment/vestibular arreflexia (cognitive abilities not tested). SLC12A2 encodes sodium-potassium-chloride transporter 1 (also NKCC1). The GTEx project has identified 8 isoforms. In brain both exon 21-containing/deleted isoforms are expressed (cited Morita et al 2014 - PMID: 24695712). As the authors discuss, RNA-seq of the developing mouse cochlea suggests that the exon 21 containing isoform is the single transcript expressed. Evidence from RNA-seq data (BrainSpan project) and literature suggests that the significant amounts of exon 21 lacking isoforms in fetal brain compensate for the deleterious effects of exon 21 variants and explain the lack of NDD in relevant patients. Slc12a2 (NKCC1) null mouse model has demonstrated that the transporter plays a role in accumulation of the potassium rich endolymph in the inner ear, with NKCC1 absence causing sensorineural deafness and imbalance. Slc12a2 display cochlear malformations, loss of hair cells and hearing impairment (cited Delpire et al 1999 - PMID: 10369265). The brain phenotype has not been studied extensively, although loss of Slc12a2 has been shown to inhibit neurogenesis (cited: Magalhães and Rivera et al. - PMID: 27582690). Slc12a2 null zebrafish display a collapse of the otic vesicle and reduced endolymph (Abbas and Whitfield, 2009 - PMID: 19633174) relevant to the human hearing disorder. In vitro assessment of NKCC1 ion transporter function in Xenopus laevis, supported the deleterious effect of the identified variants (significant reduction in K+ influx). Using available single cell RNA-seq data the authors further demonstrated that SLC12A2 expressing cells display transcriptomic profiles reflective of active neurogenesis. ► Delpire et al (2016 - PMID: 27900370 - not reviewed in detail) described a 13 y.o. girl harboring a de novo 11-bp deletion in SLC12A2 exon 22. This individual reached developmental milestones on time and had a NORMAL cognitive function. Hearing was seemingly normal. Features included orthostatic intolerance, respiratory weakness, multiple endocrine abnormalities, pancreatic insufficiency and multiorgan failure incl. gut and bladder. Exome in the proband, parents and 3 unaffected sibs suggested SLC12A2 as the only candidate for her phenotype. Functional analyses in Xenopus laevis oocytes suggested that a non functional transporter was expressed and trafficked to the membrane as the wt. Detection of the truncated protein at higher molecular sizes suggested either enhanced dimerization or misfolded aggregate. There was no dominant-negative effect of mutant NKCC1. In patient fibroblasts a reduced total and NKCC1-mediated K+ influx. ► Mutai et al (2020 - PMID: 32294086) report on several individuals from 4 families, harboring variants within exon 21 or - in one case - at it's 3' splice-site (leading to skipping oe this exon at the mRNA level). All subjects were investigated for severe/profound hearing loss (in line with the role of exon 21-included isoforms in cochlea. The variant segregated with hearing impairment in 3 generations of a family while in all other subjects the variant had occured as de novo event. Despite motor delays (e.g. the subject from fam2 could not hold head or sit at the age of 10m / the proband in Fam3 was able to hold his head and walk at 6 and 20 m respectively) behavior and cognition were commented to be within normal range. ----- Biallelic SLC12A2 mutations: ► Anazi et al (2017 - PMID: 29288388) briefly reported on a 3 y.o. boy (17DG0776) with central hypotonia, neonatal respiratory distress, failure to thrive, global DD and microcephaly and a skeletal survey suggestive of osteopenia. After non-diagnostic prior investigations (CMA revealing a 1p duplication classified as VUS, extensive metabolic workup), WES revealed a homozygous SLC12A2 splicing variant [NM_001046.2:c.2617-2A>G]. ► Macnamara et al (2019 - PMID: 30740830) described a 5.5 y.o. male with sensorineural hearing loss, profound delays in all developmental areas among several other features (choanal atresia, failure to thrive, respiratory problems, absent sweat and tear production or salivation, GI abnormalities). Genetic testing for several disorders considered (cystic fibrosis, spinal muscular atrophy, sequencing and del/dup analysis of mtDNA) was normal. CMA revealed paternal uniparental isodisomy for chr. 5 and WGS a homozygous 22kb deletion in SLC12A2. This was followed by confirmation of homozygosity in the proband, heterozygosity of the unaffected father, delineation of breakpoints (chr5:127441491-127471419). mRNA studies in patient fibroblasts confirmed deletion of ex2-7, splicing of ex1 directly to ex8 and introduction of a premature stop codon in ex9. qRT-PCR confirmed that mRNA is likely subjected to NMD (expression ~80% of control). Western blot confirmed absence of the protein in the patient's fibroblasts. Again mouse models are thought to recapitulate the hearing defect but also the deficient saliva production (cited Evans et al 2000 - PMID: 10831596). Again the authors speculate a role of SLC12A2 in brain development based on evidence from murine models (migration, dendritic growth, increse in neuron density through regulation of GABAergic signalling (Young et al 2012 - PMID: 23015452). Hypotheses are also made on a regulatory relationship between NKCC1 and CFTR based on mRNA data from the ko mouse model. ► Stödberg et al (2020 - PMID: 32754646) reported 2 sibs with a complex neurodevelopmental disorder due to compound heterozygosity for a frameshift SLC12A2 variant and a splicing one (NM_001046:c.1431delT and c.2006-1G>A). Both presented hypotonia, neonatal S. aureus parotitis and respiratory problems (incl. apneas). While the older sib died at the age of 22 days, the younger one had persistent respiratory issues incl. a dry respiratory mucosa motivating metabolic, immunology investigations and testing for CF. She displayed microcephaly (OFC -2.5 SD, H was also -3.5SD), severe intellectual disability. MRI was suggestive of white matter and basal ganglia abnormalities. Other features incl. hearing impairment, and lack of tears,saliva and sweat, constipation and intestinal malrotation. There was facial dysmorphism. The variants were the only retained following WGS of the 2 affected sisters, parents and an unaffected brother. The splicing variant was shown to result in skipping of exon 13, while the indel in NMD. Again the authors discuss that the deficient saliva production, impaired hearing and GI problems are recapitulated in the mouse model (several refs provided).; Changed rating: GREEN; Changed publications: 28135719, 32658972, 27900370, 32294086, 29288388, 30740830, 32754646; Changed phenotypes: Kilquist syndrome, deafness, intellectual disability, dysmorphic features, absent salivation, ectodermal dysplasia, constipation, intestinal malrotation, multiple congenital anomalies; Changed mode of inheritance: BOTH monoallelic and biallelic, autosomal or pseudoautosomal |
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| Mendeliome v0.4298 | SLC20A2 | Zornitza Stark Phenotypes for gene: SLC20A2 were changed from to Basal ganglia calcification, idiopathic, 1, MIM# 213600 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v0.4295 | SLC20A2 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: SLC20A2: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 22327515, 23334463; Phenotypes: Basal ganglia calcification, idiopathic, 1, MIM# 213600; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v0.4134 | TOGARAM1 |
Arina Puzriakova gene: TOGARAM1 was added gene: TOGARAM1 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: TOGARAM1 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: TOGARAM1 were set to 32747439 Phenotypes for gene: TOGARAM1 were set to Cleft of the lip and palate; Microphthalmia; Cerebral dysgenesis; Hydrocephalus Added comment: PMID: 32747439 (2020) - Novel gene-disease association. In two sibling fetuses with a malformation disorder characterised by microcephaly, severe cleft lip and palate, microphthalmia, and brain anomalies, WES revealed compound heterozygous variants ([c.1102C>T, p.Arg368Trp] and [c.3619C>T, p.Arg1207*]) in the TOGARAM1 gene. Functional analysis of the missense variant in a C. elegans model showed impaired lipophilic dye uptake, with shorter and altered cilia in sensory neurons. In vitro analysis revealed faster microtubule polymerisation compared to wild-type, suggesting aberrant tubulin binding. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v0.3736 | SMO | Zornitza Stark Phenotypes for gene: SMO were changed from Microcephaly, congenital heart disease, polydactyly, aganglionosis; Curry-Jones syndrome, somatic mosaic 601707 to Microcephaly, congenital heart disease, polydactyly, aganglionosis, Pallister-Hall-like syndrome, MIM# 241800; Curry-Jones syndrome, somatic mosaic 601707 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v0.3735 | SMO | Zornitza Stark edited their review of gene: SMO: Changed phenotypes: Microcephaly, congenital heart disease, polydactyly, aganglionosis, Pallister-Hall-like syndrome, MIM# 241800, Curry-Jones syndrome, somatic mosaic 601707 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v0.3713 | HYLS1 |
Melanie Marty changed review comment from: A recurring homozygous missense variant p.Asp211Gly has been identified in at least 64 cases of hydrolethalus syndrome, described as a Finnish founder mutation (PMID: 15843405, PMID: 18648327). Functional studies in human and patient cells have shown mislocalisation of the protein to the nucleus (PMID: 15843405, PMID: 19400947). Functional studies in c. elegans showed that this variant impaired ciliogenesis (PMID: 19656802). Functional studies in drosophila showed that deletion of HYLS1 led to cilia dysfunction (PMID: 32509774). 2 homozygous living siblings (stop-loss, extension variant p.Ter300TyrextTer11) both diagnosed with Joubert syndrome. Patients had molar tooth signs and dysplasia of cerebellar vermis (PMID: 26830932). No other variants have been reported as pathogenic in this gene.; to: A recurring homozygous missense variant p.Asp211Gly has been identified in at least 64 cases of hydrolethalus syndrome, described as a Finnish founder mutation (PMID: 15843405, PMID: 18648327). Functional studies in human cells have shown mislocalisation of the protein to the nucleus (PMID: 19400947). Functional studies in c. elegans showed that this variant impaired ciliogenesis (PMID: 19656802). Functional studies in drosophila showed that deletion of HYLS1 led to cilia dysfunction (PMID: 32509774). 2 homozygous living siblings (stop-loss, extension variant p.Ter300TyrextTer11) both diagnosed with Joubert syndrome. Patients had molar tooth signs and dysplasia of cerebellar vermis (PMID: 26830932). No other variants have been reported as pathogenic in this gene. |
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| Mendeliome v0.3323 | EXOC2 |
Zornitza Stark gene: EXOC2 was added gene: EXOC2 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Expert Review Mode of inheritance for gene: EXOC2 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: EXOC2 were set to 32639540 Phenotypes for gene: EXOC2 were set to Global developmental delay; Intellectual disability; Abnormality of the face; Abnormality of brain morphology Review for gene: EXOC2 was set to AMBER Added comment: Van Bergen et al (2020 - PMID: 32639540) report on 3 individuals from 2 families, harboring biallelic EXOC2 mutations. Clinical presentation included DD, ID (severe in 2 subjects from fam1, borderline intellectual functioning in fam2), dysmorphic features and brain abnormalities. Cerebellar anomalies were common to all with a molar tooth sign observed in one (1/3). Other findings limited to subjects from one family included acquired microcephaly, congenital contractures, spastic quadriplegia (each observed 2/3). Previous investigations were in all cases non-diagnostic. WES identified biallelic EXOC2 mutations in all affected individuals. EXOC2 encodes an exocyst subunit. The latter is an octameric complex, component of the membrane transport machinery, required for tethering and fusion of vesicles at the plasma membrane. As discussed ,vesicle transport is important for the development of brain and the function of neurons and glia. Exocyst function is also important for delivery of Arl13b to the primary cilium (biallelic ARL13B mutations cause Joubert syndrome 8) and ciliogenesis. Affected subjects from a broader consanguineous family (fam1) were homozygous for a truncating variant. Fibroblast studies revealed mRNA levels compatible with NMD (further restored in presence of CHX) as well as reduced protein levels. The female belonging to the second non-consanguineous family was found to harbor 2 missense variants in trans configuration. An exocytosis defect was demonstrated in fibroblasts from individuals belonging to both families. Ciliogenesis appeared to be normal, however Arl13b localization/recruitment to the cilia was reduced compared with control cells with the defect rescued upon exogenous expression of wt EXOC2. Mutations in other genes encoding components of the exocyst complex have been previously reported in individuals with relevant phenotypes (e.g. EXOC8 in a boy with features of Joubert s. or EXOC4 in nephrotic syndrome). The authors discuss on the essential role of EXOC2 based on model organism studies (e.g. impaired neuronal membrane traffic, failure of neuronal polarization and neuromuscular junction expansion seen in Drosophila Sec5 (EXOC2) null mutants). Sources: Expert Review |
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| Mendeliome v0.3206 | RAD21 | Zornitza Stark Phenotypes for gene: RAD21 were changed from to ?Mungan syndrome, 611376; Cornelia de Lange syndrome 4, 614701; Holoprocencephaly | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v0.3185 | MCM3AP | Eleanor Williams changed review comment from: PMID: 32202298 - Woldegebriel et al - report a further two families, one in the Netherlands and one in Estonia, with probands with compound heterozygous variants in MCM3AP and a peripheral neuropathy with or without impaired intellectual development (MIM 618124) phenotype. The child from the Netherlands presented with severe hypotonia and intellectual disability. The two siblings from the Estonian family had severe generalized epilepsy and mild spastic diplegia. Functional studies using skin fibroblasts from these and other affected patients showed that disease variants result in depletion of GANP (encoded by MCM3AP) except when they alter critical residues in the Sac3 mRNA binding domain. GANP depletion was associated with more severe phenotypes compared with the Sac3 variants.; to: PMID: 32202298 - Woldegebriel et al 2020 - report a further two families, one in the Netherlands and one in Estonia, with probands with compound heterozygous variants in MCM3AP and a peripheral neuropathy with or without impaired intellectual development (MIM 618124) phenotype. The child from the Netherlands presented with severe hypotonia and intellectual disability. The two siblings from the Estonian family had severe generalized epilepsy and mild spastic diplegia. Functional studies using skin fibroblasts from these and other affected patients showed that disease variants result in depletion of GANP (encoded by MCM3AP) except when they alter critical residues in the Sac3 mRNA binding domain. GANP depletion was associated with more severe phenotypes compared with the Sac3 variants. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v0.3155 | GANAB | Zornitza Stark Marked gene: GANAB as ready | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v0.3155 | GANAB | Zornitza Stark Gene: ganab has been classified as Green List (High Evidence). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v0.3155 | GANAB | Zornitza Stark Phenotypes for gene: GANAB were changed from to Polycystic kidney disease 3, MIM# 600666 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v0.3154 | GANAB | Zornitza Stark Publications for gene: GANAB were set to | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v0.3153 | GANAB | Zornitza Stark Mode of inheritance for gene: GANAB was changed from Unknown to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v0.3152 | GANAB | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: GANAB: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 27259053; Phenotypes: Polycystic kidney disease 3, MIM# 600666; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v0.3150 | GOLGA2 |
Elena Savva gene: GOLGA2 was added gene: GOLGA2 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Expert list Mode of inheritance for gene: GOLGA2 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: GOLGA2 were set to PMID: 30237576; 26742501 Phenotypes for gene: GOLGA2 were set to Nueromuscular disorder Review for gene: GOLGA2 was set to GREEN Added comment: PMID: 30237576 - One 11 year old patient with a homozygous PTC. Patient had global dev delay, microcephaly, distal muscle weakness with joint contractures and elevated CK levels. Muscle biopsy showed dystrophin changes. MRI at 2 years old showed brain atrophy with thin corpus callosum and hypomyelination. No seizures or regression. PMID: 26742501 - One infant with a homozygous PTC. Patient had dev delay, seizures, microcephaly and muscular dystrophy. Zebrafish null model recapitulates the human phenotype with microcephaly and skeletal muscle disorganization. Summary: 2 patients + animal model Sources: Expert list |
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| Mendeliome v0.3049 | RAD21 | Elena Savva reviewed gene: RAD21: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: PMID: 31334757, 25575569, 32193685; Phenotypes: ?Mungan syndrome, 611376, Cornelia de Lange syndrome 4, 614701, Holoprocencephaly; Mode of inheritance: BOTH monoallelic and biallelic (but BIALLELIC mutations cause a more SEVERE disease form), autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v0.3027 | SMO | Zornitza Stark Phenotypes for gene: SMO were changed from to Microcephaly, congenital heart disease, polydactyly, aganglionosis; Curry-Jones syndrome, somatic mosaic 601707 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v0.3024 | SMO | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: SMO: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 32413283, 27236920; Phenotypes: Microcephaly, congenital heart disease, polydactyly, aganglionosis, Curry-Jones syndrome, somatic mosaic 601707; Mode of inheritance: BOTH monoallelic and biallelic, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v0.2943 | CNP |
Kristin Rigbye gene: CNP was added gene: CNP was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: CNP was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: CNP were set to 32128616; 12590258 Phenotypes for gene: CNP were set to Hypomyelinating leukodystrophy Review for gene: CNP was set to AMBER Added comment: Single consanguineous family described with homozygous missense in affected child (additional two affected deceased offspring unavailable for testing; healthy carrier parents and sibling). Loss of protein by Western blot and defect in F-actin structure and organization observed in patient fibroblasts. Deficiency of CNP in mouse has previously been shown to cause a lethal white matter neurodegenerative phenotype (PMID: 12590258), similar to the phenotype observed in this family. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v0.2870 | HEXA | Zornitza Stark Phenotypes for gene: HEXA were changed from to GM2-gangliosidosis, several forms 272800; Tay-Sachs disease 272800 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v0.2861 | HEXA | Elena Savva reviewed gene: HEXA: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: PMID: 31388111; Phenotypes: [Hex A pseudodeficiency] 272800, GM2-gangliosidosis, several forms 272800, Tay-Sachs disease 272800; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v0.2861 | FAT1 |
Ee Ming Wong changed review comment from: - 5 consanguineous families with homozygous frameshift mutations in FAN1 - FAN1 KO mice had microphthalmia, with fully penetrant coloboma which was not observed in heterozygous mice - in human retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells, FAN1 knockdown resulted in compromised early cell-cell junction integrity and filament organisation; to: - 5 consanguineous families with homozygous frameshift mutations in FAN1 - FAN1 KO mice had microphthalmia, with fully penetrant coloboma which was not observed in heterozygous mice - in human retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells, FAN1 knockdown resulted in compromised early cell-cell junction integrity and filament organisation |
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| Mendeliome v0.2767 | UGDH |
Zornitza Stark gene: UGDH was added gene: UGDH was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: UGDH was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: UGDH were set to 32001716 Phenotypes for gene: UGDH were set to Epileptic encephalopathy, early infantile, 84 - MIM #618792 Review for gene: UGDH was set to GREEN Added comment: 36 individuals with biallelic UGDH pathogenic variants reported. The phenotype corresponded overall to a developmental epileptic encephalopathy with hypotonia, feeding difficulties, severe global DD, moderate or commonly severe ID in all. Hypotonia and motor disorder (incl. spasticity, dystonia, ataxia, chorea, etc) often occurred prior to the onset of seizures. A single individual did not present seizures and 2 sibs had only seizures in the setting of fever. There were no individuals with biallelic pLoF variants identified. Parental/sib studies were all compatible with AR inheritance mode. UGDH encodes the enzyme UDP-glucose dehydrogenase which converts UDP-glucose to UDP-glucuronate, the latter being a critical component of the glycosaminoglycans, hyaluronan, chondroitin sulfate, and heparan sulfate. Patient fibroblast and biochemical assays suggested a LoF effect of variants leading to impairment of UGDH stability, oligomerization or enzymatic activity (decreased UGDH-catalyzed reduction of NAD+ to NADH / hyaluronic acid production which requires UDP-glucuronate). Attempts to model the disorder using an already developped zebrafish model (for a hypomorphic LoF allele) were unsuccessful as fish did not exhibit seizures spontaneously or upon induction with PTZ. Modelling of the disorder in vitro using patient-derived cerebral organoids demonstrated smaller organoids due to reduced number of proliferating neural progenitors Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v0.2764 | YIF1B |
Zornitza Stark gene: YIF1B was added gene: YIF1B was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: YIF1B was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: YIF1B were set to 32006098; 26077767 Phenotypes for gene: YIF1B were set to Central hypotonia; Failure to thrive; Microcephaly; Global developmental delay; Intellectual disability; Seizures; Spasticity; Abnormality of movement Review for gene: YIF1B was set to GREEN Added comment: 6 individuals (from 5 families) with biallelic YIF1B truncating variants reported. Presenting features: hypotonia, failure to thrive, microcephaly (5/6), severe global DD and ID as well as features suggestive of a motor disorder (dystonia/spasticity/dyskinesia). Seizures were reported in 2 unrelated individuals (2/6). MRI abnormalities were observed in some with thin CC being a feature in 3. Affected individuals were found to be homozygous for truncating variants (4/5 families being consanguineous). The following 3 variants were identified (NM_001039672.2) : c.186dupT or p.Ala64fs / c.360_361insACAT or p.Gly121fs / c.598G>T or p.Glu200*. Yif1B KO mice demonstrate a disorganized Golgi architecture in pyramidal hippocampal neurons (Alterio et al 2015 - PMID: 26077767). Functional/network analysis of genes co-regulated with YIF1B based on available RNAseq data, suggest enrichement in in genes important for nervous system development and function. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v0.2604 | KIAA1161 | Zornitza Stark Phenotypes for gene: KIAA1161 were changed from Basal ganglia calcification, idiopathic, 7, autosomal recessive; OMIM #618317 to Basal ganglia calcification, idiopathic, 7, autosomal recessive; OMIM #618317; primary familial brain calcifications (PFBC); ataxia; dysarthria; cerebellar atrophy; akinetic-hypertonic syndrome | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v0.2602 | KIAA1161 | Hazel Phillimore reviewed gene: KIAA1161: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: PMID: 29910000, 31009047; Phenotypes: Basal ganglia calcification, idiopathic, 7, autosomal recessive (OMIM #618317), primary familial brain calcifications (PFBC), ataxia, dysarthria, cerebellar atrophy, akinetic-hypertonic syndrome; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v0.2440 | ATOH7 | Paul De Fazio changed review comment from: Segregates with disease in 3 consanguineous families from Pakistan/Turkey and one non-consanguineous family of Swiss origin. Functional effect was demonstrated in the latter family. The mouse homolog is required for retinal ganglion cell and optic nerve formation.; to: Segregates with disease in 3 consanguineous families from Pakistan/Turkey with global eye abnormalities, and one non-consanguineous family of Swiss origin with optic nerve hypoplasia. Functional effect was demonstrated in the latter family. The mouse homolog is required for retinal ganglion cell and optic nerve formation (in mice). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v0.1913 | REL |
Zornitza Stark gene: REL was added gene: REL was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Expert list Mode of inheritance for gene: REL was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: REL were set to 31103457 Phenotypes for gene: REL were set to Combined immunodeficiency; T cells: normal, decreased memory CD4, poor proliferation; B cells: low, mostly naive, few switched memory B cells, impaired proliferation; Recurrent infections with bacteria, mycobacteria, salmonella and opportunistic organisms; Defective innate immunity Review for gene: REL was set to RED Added comment: Single individual from consanguineous family reported with homozygous canonical splice site variant, no functional data. Sources: Expert list |
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| Mendeliome v0.1769 | YME1L1 |
Zornitza Stark gene: YME1L1 was added gene: YME1L1 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: NHS GMS Mode of inheritance for gene: YME1L1 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: YME1L1 were set to 30544562; 27495975 Phenotypes for gene: YME1L1 were set to Optic atrophy 11, MIM#617302 Review for gene: YME1L1 was set to AMBER Added comment: One consanguineous family with a homozygous variant and functional assays. YME1L leads to mitochondrial fragmentation and severely disorganized and attenuated cristae architecture in in vitro functional assays. Sources: NHS GMS |
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| Mendeliome v0.1743 | NFS1 | Zornitza Stark Phenotypes for gene: NFS1 were changed from to Complex II/III deficiency; multisystem organ failure | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v0.1739 | NFS1 | Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: NFS1: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 24498631; Phenotypes: Complex II/III deficiency, multisystem organ failure; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mendeliome v0.818 | MAPK8IP3 |
Zornitza Stark gene: MAPK8IP3 was added gene: MAPK8IP3 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: MAPK8IP3 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted Publications for gene: MAPK8IP3 were set to 30612693 Phenotypes for gene: MAPK8IP3 were set to Neurodevelopmental disorder with or without variable brain abnormalities OMIM# 605431 Review for gene: MAPK8IP3 was set to GREEN Added comment: >3 reported individuals and functional evidence in Caenorhabditis elegans Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v0.778 | KIAA1161 |
Zornitza Stark gene: KIAA1161 was added gene: KIAA1161 was added to Mendeliome_VCGS. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: KIAA1161 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: KIAA1161 were set to 30656188; 30649222; 30460687; 29910000 Phenotypes for gene: KIAA1161 were set to Basal ganglia calcification, idiopathic, 7, autosomal recessive; OMIM #618317 Review for gene: KIAA1161 was set to GREEN Added comment: Total 9 families, but no functional evidence: 12 patients from 6 unrelated Chinese families reported by Yao et al. (2018) and homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations in the MYORG gene. Functional studies of the variants and studies of patient cells were not performed, but the presence of nonsense mutations suggested a loss of function. 1 Chinese woman identified with homozygous nonsense mutation in the MYORG gene, segregated with the disorder in the family. Functional studies of the variant and studies of patient cells were not performed. 2 unrelated Middle Eastern families with homozygous mutations in the MYORG gene, which segregated with the disorder in the families. Functional studies of the variants were not performed. 4 sibs from one Turkish family with homozygous missense mutation in the MYORG gene, which segregated with the disorder in the family. Functional studies of the variant and studies of patient cells were not performed. Sources: Literature |
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| Mendeliome v0.660 | AIMP2 |
Zornitza Stark gene: AIMP2 was added gene: AIMP2 was added to Mendeliome_VCGS. Sources: Expert list Mode of inheritance for gene: AIMP2 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: AIMP2 were set to 29215095 Phenotypes for gene: AIMP2 were set to Leukodystrophy, hypomyelinating, 17 618006 Review for gene: AIMP2 was set to RED Added comment: Two apparently unrelated consanguineous families, however same homozygous variant identified in both. Affected individuals had early-onset multifocal seizures, spasticity, poor overall growth, and microcephaly (up to -10 SD). Brain imaging showed multiple abnormalities, including cerebral and cerebellar atrophy, thin corpus callosum, abnormal signals in the basal ganglia, and features suggesting hypo- or demyelination Sources: Expert list |
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| Mendeliome v0.0 | GANAB |
Zornitza Stark gene: GANAB was added gene: GANAB was added to Mendeliome_VCGS. Sources: Expert Review Green,Victorian Clinical Genetics Services Mode of inheritance for gene: GANAB was set to Unknown |
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| Mendeliome v0.0 | GAN |
Zornitza Stark gene: GAN was added gene: GAN was added to Mendeliome_VCGS. Sources: Expert Review Green,Victorian Clinical Genetics Services Mode of inheritance for gene: GAN was set to Unknown |
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