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| Skeletal dysplasia v0.275 | FUZ |
Chirag Patel gene: FUZ was added gene: FUZ was added to Skeletal dysplasia. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: FUZ was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: FUZ were set to PMID: 38702430, 29068549, 34719684 Phenotypes for gene: FUZ were set to Ciliopathy_MONDO_0005308; skeletal ciliopathy Review for gene: FUZ was set to GREEN gene: FUZ was marked as current diagnostic Added comment: FUZ is crucial for the transport of components to the primary cilium and potentially promotes protein complex assembly necessary for downstream cilium formation and function. Previous studies have shown complete knockout of Fuz in a mouse model leads to prenatal lethality, coronal craniosynostosis, micrognathia, facial malformations, eye, and heart defects. Suggested as a skeletal ciliopathy disorder gene. PMID: 38702430 1 individual (from family with 2 affecteds) with orofaciodigital syndrome like phenotype (dysmorphism, bilateral foot preaxial polysyndactyly, right foot postaxial polysyndactyly, broad thumbs, bilateral 5th finger clinodactyly narrow chest, partial AVSD). They found a homozygous missense variant in FUZ [p.(Glu201Lys)]. Parents were heterozygous carriers. A sibling died at 18mths and had complete AVSD, bilateral cleft lip and palate, right 5th finger clinodactyly, and medially deviated/broad great toes. 1 fetus with orofaciodigital syndrome like phenotype (right cleft lip, 4 limb polydactyly, bilateral duplicated hallux, and AVSD). They found compound heterozygous variants in FUZ [p.(Val209_Leu212del) and p.(Glu201Lys)]. PMID: 29068549 1 fetus with lethal short-rib polydactyly syndrome II-like phenotype and a homozygous variant (c.98_111+9del) in FUZ. 1 individual with asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy (ATD) with polydactyly and a (unclear if homozygous) missense variant [p.(Arg284Leu)] in FUZ. PMID: 34719684 Monozygotic twins with craniosynostosis (1 x metopic, 1 x metopic/coronal) and a homozygous missense variant in FUZ [p.(Arg284Pro)]. They cultured primary osteoblasts and mouse embryonic fibroblasts from Fuz mutant mice. Loss of Fuz resulted in increased osteoblastic mineralisation, suggesting that the FUZ protein normally acts as a negative regulator of osteogenesis. Sources: Literature |
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| Skeletal dysplasia v0.267 | RAB34 |
Elena Savva gene: RAB34 was added gene: RAB34 was added to Skeletal dysplasia. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: RAB34 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: RAB34 were set to 37619988; 37384395 Phenotypes for gene: RAB34 were set to Multiple congenital anomalies, (MONDO:0019042), RAB34-related Review for gene: RAB34 was set to GREEN Added comment: PMID: 37619988 - Compound heterozygous variants identified in RAB34 in a fetus with multiple malformations, including posterior neck edema, micrognathia, low-set and small ears, auricular hypoplasia, cleft lip and palate, short extremities, and a combination of rarely occurring pre- and postaxial polydactyly. - Rab34-/- mice displayed a ciliopathy phenotype with cleft palate and polydactyly. PMID: 37384395 - Biallelic variants in RAB34 were identified in 3 unrelated families. Affected individuals presented a novel form of OFDS accompanied by cardiac, cerebral, skeletal (eg. Shortening of long bones), and anorectal defects. Onset is prenatal (multiple developmental defects including short femur, polydactyly, heart malformations, kidney malformations, and brain malformations), resulting in medical termination for three probands. Sources: Literature |
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| Skeletal dysplasia v0.252 | MAB21L2 |
Zornitza Stark gene: MAB21L2 was added gene: MAB21L2 was added to Skeletal dysplasia. Sources: Expert Review Mode of inheritance for gene: MAB21L2 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted Publications for gene: MAB21L2 were set to 24906020; 25719200; 31037784; 30375740; 30073347; 26116559 Phenotypes for gene: MAB21L2 were set to Microphthalmia/coloboma and skeletal dysplasia syndrome, MIM# 615877 Review for gene: MAB21L2 was set to GREEN Added comment: More than 7 unrelated families reported with microphthalmia/anophthalmia/coloboma and rhizomelia. Several individuals with the c.151C > T (p.Arg51Cys) variant also had ID. One family reported with eye phenotype and bi-allelic missense variants, LIMITED evidence for bi-allelic disease. Three different animal models support gene-disease association. Sources: Expert Review |
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| Skeletal dysplasia v0.249 | AXIN1 |
Elena Savva gene: AXIN1 was added gene: AXIN1 was added to Skeletal dysplasia. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: AXIN1 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: AXIN1 were set to PMID: 37582359 Phenotypes for gene: AXIN1 were set to Syndromic disease, (MONDO:0002254), AXIN1-related Review for gene: AXIN1 was set to GREEN Added comment: PMID: 37582359 - four families (7 individuals) with three homozygous truncating variants. - all variant shown to result in reduced protein, though 1/3 would be NMD predicted - Probands had macrocephaly (4/6), GDD (3/7), hip dysplasia (5/6), cardiac anomalies eg. VSD/ASD (3/7), cranial hyperostosis and vertebral endplate sclerosis Sources: Literature |
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| Skeletal dysplasia v0.238 | IFT74 |
Naomi Baker gene: IFT74 was added gene: IFT74 was added to Skeletal dysplasia. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: IFT74 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: IFT74 were set to PMID:37315079 Phenotypes for gene: IFT74 were set to Jeune syndrome (MONDO:0018770), IFT74-related Review for gene: IFT74 was set to GREEN Added comment: Five individuals from four families reported. A homozygous exon 2 deletion was identified in two families, and splice variants were identified in the other two families (with minigene experiments demonstrating an effect on splicing of the non-canonical/deep intronic splice variants). Authors also characterised three mouse Ift74 alleles, with phenotypes ranging from a severe mid gestational lethal phenotype in the Ift74Tm1d out of frame exon 3 deletion allele, a post-natal lethal phenotype in the Ift74Tm1a exon 2 skip allele, to no detectable phenotype in Ift74Tm1b in frame exon 3 deletion allele. Sources: Literature |
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| Skeletal dysplasia v0.237 | DRG1 |
Dean Phelan gene: DRG1 was added gene: DRG1 was added to Skeletal dysplasia. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: DRG1 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: DRG1 were set to PMID: 37179472 Phenotypes for gene: DRG1 were set to Neurodevelopmental disorder (MONDO:0700092), DRG1-related Review for gene: DRG1 was set to GREEN Added comment: PMID: 37179472 - Biallelic variants were identified in four affected individuals from three distinct families with neurodevelopmental disorder with global developmental delay, primary microcephaly, short stature and craniofacial anomalies. Functional studies show the variants result in a loss of function. Sources: Literature |
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| Skeletal dysplasia v0.234 | ERI1 |
Elena Savva gene: ERI1 was added gene: ERI1 was added to Skeletal dysplasia. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: ERI1 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: ERI1 were set to 37352860 Phenotypes for gene: ERI1 were set to Spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia (MONDO#0100510), ERI1-related, Intellectual disability (MONDO#0001071), ERI1-related Review for gene: ERI1 was set to GREEN Added comment: PMID: 37352860 - 8 individuals from 7 unrelated families - Patients with biallelic missense show a MORE severe spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia, syndactyly, brachydactyly/clinodactyly/camptodactyly - Patients with biallelic null/whole gene deletion had mild ID and digit anomalies including brachydactyly/clinodactyly/camptodactyly - Patient chet for a missense and PTC variant has a blended phenotype with short stature, syndactyly, brachydactyly/clinodactyly/camptodactyly, mild ID and failure to thrive - Missense variants were functionally shown to not be able to rescue 5.8S rRNA processing in KO HeLa cells - K/O mice had neonatal lethality with growth defects, brachydactyly. Skeletal-specific K/O had mild platyspondyly, had more in keeping with patients with null variants than missense More severe phenotype hypothesised due to "exonuclease-dead proteins may compete for the target RNA molecules with other exonucleases that have functional redundancy with ERI1, staying bound to those RNA molecules" Sources: Literature |
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| Skeletal dysplasia v0.229 | DDRGK1 |
Achchuthan Shanmugasundram gene: DDRGK1 was added gene: DDRGK1 was added to Skeletal dysplasia. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: DDRGK1 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: DDRGK1 were set to 28263186; 35377455; 35670300; 36243336 Phenotypes for gene: DDRGK1 were set to Spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia, Shohat type, OMIM:602557 Review for gene: DDRGK1 was set to GREEN Added comment: Comment on gene classification: This gene should be rated GREEN as it has been associated with Spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia, Shohat type from seven unrelated cases from multiple ethnicities and supported by functional studies. PMID:28263186 reported six individuals from three different families of Iraqi Jewish descent (three patients from family 1 and one individual each from families 2-4) identified with homozygous c.408+1G>A donor splice site loss-of-function mutation in DDRGK1 and presented with Shohat-type spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia (SEMD). It is a skeletal dysplasia that affects cartilage development. PMID: 35670300 reported two unrelated cases of Moroccan descent identified with homozygous missense variant c.406G>A and presented with SEMD. PMID:36243336 reported an Omani female patient identified with the same homozygous variant as the Iraqi cases and was reported with SEMD. In addition, studies on both zebrafish and mouse models confirms the physiological role of DDRGK1 in the development and maintenance of the growth plate cartilage and deficiency of DDRGK1 recapitulate the clinical phenotype of short stature and joint abnormalities observed in patients with Shohat type SEMD (PMID:28263186; PMID:35377455). This gene has been associated with relevant phenotype in OMIM (MIM #602557), but not in Gene2Phenotype. Sources: Literature |
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| Skeletal dysplasia v0.227 | CBFB |
Ain Roesley gene: CBFB was added gene: CBFB was added to Skeletal dysplasia. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: CBFB was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted Publications for gene: CBFB were set to 36241386 Phenotypes for gene: CBFB were set to cleidocranial dysplasia (MONDO#0007340), CBFB-related Penetrance for gene: CBFB were set to Complete Review for gene: CBFB was set to GREEN gene: CBFB was marked as current diagnostic Added comment: 5 families with 8 individuals, including 2 de novos and 1 intragenic exon 4 deletion In 1 family, the mother did not report skeletal concerns but had dental abnormalities during childhood Sources: Literature |
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| Skeletal dysplasia v0.217 | EXOC6B |
Bryony Thompson gene: EXOC6B was added gene: EXOC6B was added to Skeletal dysplasia. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: EXOC6B was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: EXOC6B were set to 26669664; 30284759; 36150098 Phenotypes for gene: EXOC6B were set to Spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia with joint laxity MONDO:0019675 Review for gene: EXOC6B was set to GREEN Added comment: 6 affected individuals from 4 families, and supporting assays in patient cells PMID: 26669664 - 2 brothers with spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia (SEMD), multiple joint dislocations at birth, severe joint laxity, scoliosis, gracile metacarpals and metatarsals, delayed bone age and poorly ossified carpal and tarsal bones from a consanguineous family, with a homozygous nonsense variant [c.906T>A/p.(Tyr302*)] PMID: 30284759 - 2 sisters with dislocations of the hips and knees, long slender fingers with distal tapering, significant motor disability but normal (older sister) or low-normal intelligence (younger sister), with a homozygous in-frame deletion of exons 9-20 PMID: 36150098 - 2 unrelated probands from consanguineous families, one with a homozygous frameshift exon 20 deletion and one with a homozygous nonsense variant (c.401T>G p.Leu134Ter). Function assessment of patient fibroblast cell lines indicated abrogation of exocytosis leading to impaired primary ciliogenesis Sources: Literature |
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| Skeletal dysplasia v0.212 | SLC13A1 |
Lucy Spencer gene: SLC13A1 was added gene: SLC13A1 was added to Skeletal dysplasia. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: SLC13A1 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: SLC13A1 were set to 36175384 Phenotypes for gene: SLC13A1 were set to sulfation-related bone disorder MONDO:0019688, SLC13A1-related Review for gene: SLC13A1 was set to RED Added comment: PMID: 36175384- 1 patient with a homozygous nonsense variant in SLC13A1. Patient has enlargements of the joints, and spondylo-epi-metaphyseal radiological abnormalities in early childhood, which improved with age. Also autistic features and hyposulfatemia and hypersulfaturia, and reduced serum cholesterol sulfate. However the variant in this individual (Arg12Ter) has 569 hets and 1 hom in gnomad. Also this patient was homozygous for CFTR Ala455Gly which is a known pathogenic variant associated with a less severe CF phenotype. Sources: Literature |
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| Skeletal dysplasia v0.209 | ACVR1 |
Zornitza Stark changed review comment from: Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva is a rare autosomal dominant disease with complete penetrance involving progressive ossification of skeletal muscle, fascia, tendons, and ligaments. FOP has a prevalence of approximately 1 in 2 million worldwide, and shows no geographic, ethnic, racial, or gender preference. Individuals with FOP appear normal at birth except for great toe abnormalities: the great toes are short, deviated, and monophalangic. Ossification occurs progressively over the course of a lifetime in an inevitable and unpredictable episodic manner. Multiple unrelated families reported. The R206H variant is recurrent. Note variants in this gene are also associated with congenital heart disease, PMID 29089047.; to: Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva is a rare autosomal dominant disease with complete penetrance involving progressive ossification of skeletal muscle, fascia, tendons, and ligaments. FOP has a prevalence of approximately 1 in 2 million worldwide, and shows no geographic, ethnic, racial, or gender preference. Individuals with FOP appear normal at birth except for great toe abnormalities: the great toes are short, deviated, and monophalangic. Ossification occurs progressively over the course of a lifetime in an inevitable and unpredictable episodic manner. Multiple unrelated families reported. The R206H variant is recurrent. Clinical trial with palovarotene. Note variants in this gene are also associated with congenital heart disease, PMID 29089047. |
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| Skeletal dysplasia v0.182 | KIF5B |
Chirag Patel gene: KIF5B was added gene: KIF5B was added to Skeletal dysplasia. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: KIF5B was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted Publications for gene: KIF5B were set to PMID: 35342932 Phenotypes for gene: KIF5B were set to Kyphomelic dysplasia, no OMIM # Review for gene: KIF5B was set to GREEN Added comment: 4 individuals with Kyphomelic dysplasia (severe bowing of the limbs, sharp angulation of the femora and humeri, short stature, narrow thorax, distinctive facial features, and neonatal respiratory distress. WES found de novo heterozygous missense variants in KIF5B encoding kinesin-1 heavy chain. All variants involved conserved amino acids in or close to the ATPase activity-related motifs in the catalytic motor domain of the KIF5B protein. No functional studies of variants. Previously 2 animal model experiments showed that loss of function of KIF5B can cause kyphomelic dysplasia. First, chondrocyte-specific knockout of Kif5b in mice was shown to produce a disorganized growth plate, leading to bone deformity. Second, double mutants disrupting the two zebrafish kif5b caused abnormal skeletal morphogenesis and the curvature of Meckel's and ceratohyal cartilages. Sources: Literature |
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| Skeletal dysplasia v0.180 | GINS3 |
Zornitza Stark gene: GINS3 was added gene: GINS3 was added to Skeletal dysplasia. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: GINS3 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: GINS3 were set to 35603789 Phenotypes for gene: GINS3 were set to Meier-Gorlin syndrome, MONDO:0016817, GINS3-related Review for gene: GINS3 was set to GREEN Added comment: 7 individuals from 5 families reported, presenting with prenatal and postnatal growth deficiency as well as other features. Three unique missense variants identified, two affecting p.Asp24. These variants are thought to be hypomorphic. Supportive mouse model. Sources: Literature |
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| Skeletal dysplasia v0.153 | SEMA3A |
Krithika Murali gene: SEMA3A was added gene: SEMA3A was added to Skeletal dysplasia. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: SEMA3A was set to BOTH monoallelic and biallelic (but BIALLELIC mutations cause a more SEVERE disease form), autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: SEMA3A were set to 28075028; 33369061; 20301509; 21059704; 24124006; 22927827 Phenotypes for gene: SEMA3A were set to {Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism 16 with or without anosmia - MIM#614897; congenital heart disease; short stature Review for gene: SEMA3A was set to GREEN Added comment: Heterozygous variants associated with isolated GnRH deficiency with or without anosmia (Kallman syndrome like). More severe phenotype with biallelic SEMA3A variants reported including postnatal short stature and congenital heart defects in 3/3 published, unrelated individuals. PMID 33369061 Gileta et al 2021 - report x1 patient. Female proband was compound heterozygote for a nonsense variant and a multiexonic deletion of SEMA3A. Presents with postnatal short stature, congenital cardiac anomalies, dysmorphic features, hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism and anosmia. PMID 28075028 Baumann et al 2017 - report x1 patient. Homozygous LoF variants identified in a proband from a consanguineous Turkish family. Noted at birth to have a high-positioned scapulae, deformed ribs and a lateral clavicular hook. The patient also had upper/lower limb contractures and aberrant right subclavian artery. Mild facial dysmorphism, micropenis and hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism also noted in the first week of life. Postnatal short stature (length 50cm at term birth) PMID 24124006 Hofmann et al 2013 - first reported biallelic variants in a proband with postnatal short stature, skeletal anomalies of the thorax, congenital heart defect and camptodactyly Sources: Literature |
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| Skeletal dysplasia v0.152 | ARSK |
Paul De Fazio gene: ARSK was added gene: ARSK was added to Skeletal dysplasia. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: ARSK was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: ARSK were set to 34916232; 32856704 Phenotypes for gene: ARSK were set to Mucopolysaccharidosis MONDO:0019249, ARSK-related Review for gene: ARSK was set to GREEN gene: ARSK was marked as current diagnostic Added comment: 4 individuals from 2 unrelated consanguineous families reported with a homozygous missense and an NMD-predicted nonsense variant, who had features of mucopolysaccharidosis such as short stature, coarse facial features and dysostosis multiplex. Urinary GAG excretion was normal by conventional methods, but LC-MS/MS in 2 individuals revealed an increase in specific dermatan sulfate-derived disaccharides. Functional studies showed reduced protein levels and reduced enzyme activity for the nonsense and missense variant respectively. A mouse model also shows a mucopolysaccharidosis phenotype, albeit milder. Rated green (2 families, functional evidence, mouse model). Sources: Literature |
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| Skeletal dysplasia v0.131 | STT3A |
Elena Savva gene: STT3A was added gene: STT3A was added to Skeletal dysplasia. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: STT3A was set to BOTH monoallelic and biallelic, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: STT3A were set to PMID: 34653363; 23842455; 30701557; 28424003 Phenotypes for gene: STT3A were set to Congenital disorder of glycosylation, type Iw MIM#615596 Mode of pathogenicity for gene: STT3A was set to Other Review for gene: STT3A was set to GREEN Added comment: ID/DD reported in all cases (at least 7 individuals from 3 unrelated families, with 2 different homozygous variants in STT3A) PMID: 34653363 - 16 patients from 9 families with new AD mode of inheritance (both de novo and inherited). All variants were missense within/around acritical active/catalytic sites. Patients aged 3-55yo, with children noted to be "healthy" until reaching young adulthood Clinical features include dysmorphic features, macrocephaly (6/16), mild-moderate ID/DD (10/16), short stature (8/16), skeletal abnormalities (10/16), muscle cramps (7/16). Functional studies verifies AR disease is caused by LOF variants, whereas the AD variants cause DN proven by cotransfection in WT yeast resulting in impaired glycosylation (protein levels unchanged). Sources: Literature |
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| Skeletal dysplasia v0.93 | NEPRO |
Zornitza Stark gene: NEPRO was added gene: NEPRO was added to Skeletal dysplasia. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: NEPRO was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: NEPRO were set to 26633546; 29620724; 31250547 Phenotypes for gene: NEPRO were set to Anauxetic dysplasia 3, MIM618853 Review for gene: NEPRO was set to AMBER Added comment: PMIDs 26633546, 29620724: 2 families with the same homozygous missense variant, haplotype analysis confirmed the founder nature of the variant. PMID 31250547: 1 family with homozygous novel missense All 5 affected individuals have severe short stature, brachydactyly, skin laxity, joint hypermobility, and joint dislocations. They also have short metacarpals, broad middle phalanges, and metaphyseal irregularities. No functional studies. Sources: Literature |
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| Skeletal dysplasia v0.85 | DONSON |
Zornitza Stark gene: DONSON was added gene: DONSON was added to Skeletal dysplasia. Sources: Expert Review Mode of inheritance for gene: DONSON was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: DONSON were set to 28191891; 28630177; 28191891 Phenotypes for gene: DONSON were set to Microcephaly, short stature, and limb abnormalities, MIM# 617604; Microcephaly-micromelia syndrome, MIM# 251230 Review for gene: DONSON was set to GREEN Added comment: MISSLA, MIM# 617604 is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by intrauterine growth retardation, microcephaly (-2.4 to -10.7 SD), variable short stature (-1.2 SD to -4 SD, although 1 individual had stature of -8.4 SD), and limb abnormalities mainly affecting the upper limb and radial ray. Affected individuals typically have mild intellectual disability, but may have normal development. At least 20 unrelated families reported. Microcephaly-micromelia syndrome (MIM#251230), is a more severe disorder that usually results in intrauterine or perinatal death. Multiple affected individuals reported with homozygous c.1047-9A-G variant, from different ethnicities. Sources: Expert Review |
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| Skeletal dysplasia v0.83 | EN1 |
Zornitza Stark changed review comment from: Three unrelated families reported (though two shown to be related by descent) with predominantly a skeletal phenotype comprising mesomelic shortening and deformation of the lower limbs due to severe hypoplasia of the tibia and fibula. This was accompanied by abnormalities of the digits of the hands and feet, with cutaneous and osseous syndactyly as well as dysplastic, missing, and/or volar nails. In addition, genitourinary anomalies were observed in some. Homozygous deletions identified in all, with the minimal deleted region being a 27-kb interval (chr2: 118,561,492-118,589,320) located approximately 300 kb upstream of the EN1 gene. Mouse model recapitulated the phenotype. Sources: Literature; to: Three unrelated families reported (though two shown to be related by descent) with predominantly a skeletal phenotype comprising mesomelic shortening and deformation of the lower limbs due to severe hypoplasia of the tibia and fibula. This was accompanied by abnormalities of the digits of the hands and feet, with cutaneous and osseous syndactyly as well as dysplastic, missing, and/or volar nails. In addition, genitourinary anomalies were observed in some. Homozygous deletions identified in all, with the minimal deleted region being a 27-kb interval (chr2: 118,561,492-118,589,320) located approximately 300 kb upstream of the EN1 gene. Mouse model recapitulated the phenotype. An additional fourth individual had cerebellar hypoplasia in addition to the skeletal phenotype, and a bi-allelic LoF variant. Sources: Literature |
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| Skeletal dysplasia v0.71 | SCUBE3 |
Zornitza Stark gene: SCUBE3 was added gene: SCUBE3 was added to Skeletal dysplasia. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: SCUBE3 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: SCUBE3 were set to 33308444 Phenotypes for gene: SCUBE3 were set to Short stature; skeletal abnormalities; craniofacial abnormalities; dental anomalies Review for gene: SCUBE3 was set to GREEN Added comment: Eighteen affected individuals from nine unrelated families reported with a consistent phenotype characterised by reduced growth, skeletal features, distinctive craniofacial appearance, and dental anomalies. Mouse model recapitulated phenotype. Sources: Literature |
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| Skeletal dysplasia v0.65 | TONSL |
Zornitza Stark gene: TONSL was added gene: TONSL was added to Skeletal dysplasia. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: TONSL was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: TONSL were set to 30773277; 30773278; 32959051 Phenotypes for gene: TONSL were set to Spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia, sponastrime type OMIM:271510; spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia, sponastrime type MONDO:0010068 Review for gene: TONSL was set to GREEN Added comment: Associated with Spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia, sponastrime type MIM#271510 (AR) in OMIM. PMID: 30773277 - Burrage et al 2019 - identified, using WES or Sanger sequencing, compound heterozygous variants in TONSL in 9 individuals (8 families) with SPONASTRIME dysplasia. 4 other probands with SPONASTRIME dysplasia did not have biallelic variants in TONSL or in MMS22L, but two of them did have a single heterozygous variants in TONSL. The authors say they cannot exclude deep intronic, promotor variants or large intragenic rearrangements/deletions in these patients. An additional 4 individuals (3 families) with short stature of varied severity and spondylometaphyseal dysplasia with or without immunologic and hematologic abnormalities were also found to have compound heterozygous variants in TONSL. PMID: 30773278 - Chang et al 2019 - Using WES they identified homozygous or compound heterozygous TONSL variants in 10 of 13 individuals (9 families) with SPONASTRIME dysplasia. PMID: 32959051 - Micale et al 2020 - report a 9-year-old Italian girl with typical SPONASTRIME dysplasia who was found to have two novel missense variants in TONSL. Each parent was heterozygous for one of the variants. Both variants were found to be very rare in the gnomad database. Patient-derived fibroblasts show increased levels of spontaneous chromosomal breaks, reduced cell proliferation and enhanced apoptosis. Sources: Literature |
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| Skeletal dysplasia v0.60 | PRKG2 |
Zornitza Stark gene: PRKG2 was added gene: PRKG2 was added to Skeletal dysplasia. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: PRKG2 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: PRKG2 were set to 33106379 Phenotypes for gene: PRKG2 were set to Acromesomelic dysplasia Review for gene: PRKG2 was set to GREEN Added comment: - PMID: 33106379 (2020) - Distinct homozygous variants in PRKG2 identified in two unrelated individuals, both with a skeletal dysplasia associated with severe short stature due to acromesomelic limb shortening, brachydactyly, mild to moderate platyspondyly and progressively increasing metaphyseal alterations of the long bones. Functional studies showed both variants result in NMD and disrupt the downstream MAPK signalling pathway in response to FGF2. The role of cGKII, encoded by PRKG2, in skeletal growth has been established in several animal models (references provided in paper). Sources: Literature |
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| Skeletal dysplasia v0.55 | WDPCP | Zornitza Stark changed review comment from: Two families reported; the first one with a BBS phenotype, and in the second one affected individual had polysyndactyly and tongue hamartomas, so phenotype consistent with OFD rather than BBS.; to: Four families reported with ciliopathy phenotypes, including BBS, OFD, syndromic retinopathy. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Skeletal dysplasia v0.47 | MBTPS1 |
Zornitza Stark gene: MBTPS1 was added gene: MBTPS1 was added to Skeletal dysplasia. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: MBTPS1 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: MBTPS1 were set to 32857899; 32420688; 30046013 Phenotypes for gene: MBTPS1 were set to Skeletal dysplasia Review for gene: MBTPS1 was set to GREEN Added comment: Three unrelated individuals reported with bi-allelic variants in this gene and a skeletal dysplasia, one described with SRS-like features. Elevated blood lysosomal enzymes are also a feature. Sources: Literature |
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| Skeletal dysplasia v0.45 | MTX2 |
Zornitza Stark gene: MTX2 was added gene: MTX2 was added to Skeletal dysplasia. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: MTX2 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: MTX2 were set to 32917887 Phenotypes for gene: MTX2 were set to Mandibuloacral dysplasia; lipodystrophy; arterial calcification Review for gene: MTX2 was set to GREEN Added comment: Seven individuals from 5 unrelated families reported with severe progeroid form of MAD with growth retardation, small viscerocranium with mandibular underdevelopment, distal acro-osteolyses, lipodystrophy, altered skin pigmentation, renal focal glomerulosclerosis, and extremely severe hypertension in most cases, eventually associated with disseminated arterial calcification. Loss of MTX2 in patients' primary fibroblasts led to loss of Metaxin-1 (MTX1) and mitochondrial dysfunction, including network fragmentation and oxidative phosphorylation impairment. Furthermore, patients' fibroblasts were resistant to induced apoptosis, leading to increased cell senescence and mitophagy and reduced proliferation. Sources: Literature |
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| Skeletal dysplasia v0.33 | NEK9 |
Zornitza Stark gene: NEK9 was added gene: NEK9 was added to Skeletal dysplasia. Sources: Expert list Mode of inheritance for gene: NEK9 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: NEK9 were set to 26908619 Phenotypes for gene: NEK9 were set to Lethal congenital contracture syndrome 10, MIM# 617022; Skeletal dysplasia Review for gene: NEK9 was set to RED Added comment: Two Irish traveller families, 5 affected individuals, same homozygous variant identified (founder effect). Limited functional data. Sources: Expert list |
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| Skeletal dysplasia v0.16 | UBA2 |
Zornitza Stark gene: UBA2 was added gene: UBA2 was added to Skeletal dysplasia. Sources: Literature Mode of inheritance for gene: UBA2 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted Publications for gene: UBA2 were set to 31332306; 31587267 Phenotypes for gene: UBA2 were set to Split-Hand/Foot Malformation; Aplasia Cutis Congenita; Ectrodactyly Review for gene: UBA2 was set to AMBER Added comment: PMID: 31332306 - a single individual with a de novo PTC and split hand/foot malformation (SHFM). Additional two multigenic CNVs including this gene in individuals with SHFM and ectrodactyly. Authors mention an additional de novo missense but the patient didnt have SHFM, argue low penetrance PMID: 31587267 - a mother and son with aplasia cutis congenita (ACC), with a heterozygous PTC. Son also has ectrodactyly. Authors note an additional de novo missense in a patient with ACC. Sources: Literature |
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| Skeletal dysplasia v0.9 | RSPRY1 |
Zornitza Stark gene: RSPRY1 was added gene: RSPRY1 was added to Skeletal dysplasia. Sources: Expert list Mode of inheritance for gene: RSPRY1 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Publications for gene: RSPRY1 were set to 26365341 Phenotypes for gene: RSPRY1 were set to Spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia, Faden-Alkuraya type, 616585 Review for gene: RSPRY1 was set to AMBER Added comment: Two unrelated individuals reported, some functional evidence. Sources: Expert list |
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| Skeletal dysplasia v0.0 | IDUA |
Zornitza Stark gene: IDUA was added gene: IDUA was added to Skeletal dysplasia. Sources: Emory Genetics Laboratory,Expert list,NHS GMS,Expert Review Green,Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen,UKGTN,Illumina TruGenome Clinical Sequencing Services Mode of inheritance for gene: IDUA was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal Phenotypes for gene: IDUA were set to Mucopolysaccharidosis Is 607016; Mucopolysaccharidosis Ih/s 607015; Mucopolysaccharidosis Ih 607014 |
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