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Mendeliome v1.1773 NTF4 Zornitza Stark Tag disputed tag was added to gene: NTF4.
Mendeliome v1.1770 NTF4 Sangavi Sivagnanasundram reviewed gene: NTF4: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: https://search.clinicalgenome.org/CCID:005684; Phenotypes: glaucoma 1, open angle, O MONDO:0013134; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted
Mendeliome v1.1669 GTF3C5 Bryony Thompson Marked gene: GTF3C5 as ready
Mendeliome v1.1669 GTF3C5 Bryony Thompson Gene: gtf3c5 has been classified as Green List (High Evidence).
Mendeliome v1.1669 GTF3C5 Bryony Thompson Classified gene: GTF3C5 as Green List (high evidence)
Mendeliome v1.1669 GTF3C5 Bryony Thompson Gene: gtf3c5 has been classified as Green List (High Evidence).
Mendeliome v1.1668 GTF3C5 Bryony Thompson gene: GTF3C5 was added
gene: GTF3C5 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature
Mode of inheritance for gene: GTF3C5 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Publications for gene: GTF3C5 were set to 38520561; 35503477
Phenotypes for gene: GTF3C5 were set to neurodevelopmental disorder MONDO:0700092, GTF3C5-related
Review for gene: GTF3C5 was set to GREEN
Added comment: 4 families/probands with syndromic ID. Loss of function is the expected
PMID: 38520561 - Biallelic variants identified (3 missense & 1 stopgain) in 4 individuals from 3 families presenting with multisystem developmental syndrome including the features: growth retardation, developmental delay, intellectual disability, dental anomalies, cerebellar malformations, delayed bone age, skeletal anomalies, and facial dysmorphism. Gene-disease relationship supported by: reduced protein expression in patient cells, yeast assays, and a zebrafish model
PMID: 35503477 - 1 proband with biallelic missense variants and hypomelanosis of Ito, seizures, growth retardation, abnormal brain MRI, developmental delay, and facial dysmorphism
Sources: Literature
Mendeliome v1.1527 CSTF2 Zornitza Stark Phenotypes for gene: CSTF2 were changed from Intellectual disability to Intellectual developmental disorder, X-linked 113, MIM# 301116
Mendeliome v1.1526 CSTF2 Zornitza Stark edited their review of gene: CSTF2: Changed phenotypes: Intellectual developmental disorder, X-linked 113, MIM# 301116
Mendeliome v1.973 ITFG2 Chirag Patel Classified gene: ITFG2 as Green List (high evidence)
Mendeliome v1.973 ITFG2 Chirag Patel Gene: itfg2 has been classified as Green List (High Evidence).
Mendeliome v1.972 ITFG2 Chirag Patel reviewed gene: ITFG2: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal; Current diagnostic: yes
Mendeliome v1.781 MKL2 Dean Phelan gene: MKL2 was added
gene: MKL2 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature
Mode of inheritance for gene: MKL2 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted
Publications for gene: MKL2 were set to PMID: 37013900
Phenotypes for gene: MKL2 were set to Neurodevelopmental disorder (MONDO:0700092), MKL2-related
Mode of pathogenicity for gene: MKL2 was set to Other
Review for gene: MKL2 was set to AMBER
Added comment: PMID: 37013900
- de novo missense variants in MKL2 (now known as MRTFB) were identified in two patients with mild dysmorphic features, intellectual disability, global developmental delay, speech apraxia, and impulse control issues. Functional studies in a Drosophila model suggest a gain of function disease mechanism.
Sources: Literature
Mendeliome v1.626 THBS1 Zornitza Stark gene: THBS1 was added
gene: THBS1 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature
Mode of inheritance for gene: THBS1 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted
Publications for gene: THBS1 were set to 36453543
Phenotypes for gene: THBS1 were set to Congenital glaucoma MONDO:0020366, THBS1-related
Review for gene: THBS1 was set to GREEN
Added comment: Missense alleles altering p.Arg1034, a highly evolutionarily conserved amino acid, in 3 unrelated and ethnically diverse families affected by congenital glaucoma.

Thbs1R1034C-mutant mice had elevated intraocular pressure (IOP), reduced ocular fluid outflow, and retinal ganglion cell loss. Histology revealed an abundant, abnormal extracellular accumulation of THBS1 with abnormal morphology of juxtacanalicular trabecular meshwork (TM), an ocular tissue critical for aqueous fluid outflow. Functional characterization showed that the THBS1 missense alleles found in affected individuals destabilized the THBS1 C-terminus, causing protein misfolding and extracellular aggregation. Analysis using a range of amino acid substitutions at position R1034 showed that the extent of aggregation was correlated with the change in protein-folding free energy caused by variations in amino acid structure.
Sources: Literature
Mendeliome v1.601 TRPC5 Hazel Phillimore gene: TRPC5 was added
gene: TRPC5 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature
Mode of inheritance for gene: TRPC5 was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Publications for gene: TRPC5 were set to PMID: 36323681; 24817631; 23033978; 33504798; 28191890
Phenotypes for gene: TRPC5 were set to Intellectual disability; autistic spectrum disorder
Review for gene: TRPC5 was set to AMBER
Added comment: PMID: 36323681; Leitão E. et al. (2022) Nat Commun.13(1):6570:
Missense variant NM_012471.2:c.523C>T, p.(Arg175Cys in three brothers with intellectual disability (ID) and autistic spectrum disorder (ASD), inherited from an asymptomatic mother and absent in the maternal grandparents.
Whole cell patch clamp studies of HEK293 created by site-directed mutagenesis showed increased current of this calcium channel (constitutively opened).
(This variant is absent in gnomAD v2.1.1).

Also, the nonsense variant, c.965G> A, p.(Trp322*) was found in a high functioning ASD male (maternally inherited), NMD-predicted.

Other papers and TRPC5 variants that were cited to associate this gene with X-linked ID and/or ASD include:
PMID: 24817631; Mignon-Ravix, C. et al. (2014) Am. J.Med. Genet. A 164A: 1991–1997: A hemizygous 47-kb deletion in Xq23 including exon 1 of the TRPC5 gene. He had macrocephaly, delayed psychomotor development, speech delay, behavioural problems, and autistic features. Maternally inherited, and a family history compatible with X-linked inheritance (i.e., maternal great uncle was also affected, although not tested).

In addition, PMID: 36323681; Leitão E. et al. (2022) cites papers with the variants p.(Pro667Thr), p.(Arg71Gln) and p.(Trp225*).
NB. p.(Pro667Thr) is absent in gnomAD (v2.1.1), p.(Arg71Gln) is also absent (the alternative variant p.(Arg71Trp) is present once as heterozygous only). p.(Trp225*) is absent, and it should be noted that PTCs / LoF variants are very rare (pLI = 1).

However, looking further into the three references, the evidence is not as clear or as accurate as was stated.

The missense variant c.1999C>A, p.(Pro667Thr), was stated as de novo, but was actually maternally inherited but was still considered a candidate for severe intellectual disability (shown in the Appendix, Patient 93, with severe speech delay, autism spectrum disorder and Gilles de la Tourette). This patient also has a de novo MTF1 variant. Reference: PMID: 23033978; de Ligt, J. et al. (2012) N. Engl. J. Med. 367: 1921–1929).

Missense variant (de novo): c.212G>A, p.(Arg71Gln), was found as part of the Deciphering Developmental Disorders (DDD) study and is shown in individual 164 in Supplementary Table 2 of PMID: 33504798; Martin, HC. et al. (2021) Nat. Commun.12: 627. Also displayed in DECIPHER (DDD research variant) with several phenotype traits, but ID and ASD are not specifically mentioned.

Nonsense variant: c.674G>A. p.(Trp225*) was stated as de novo but was inherited (reference PMID: 28191890; Kosmicki, JA. et al. (2017) Nat. Genet. 49: 504–510. Supplement Table 7). This was a study of severe intellectual delay, developmental delay / autism. (NB. The de novo p.(Arg71Gln) variant from the DDD study is also listed (subject DDD 342 in Supplement 4 / Table 2).
Sources: Literature
Mendeliome v1.343 ETFB Zornitza Stark Tag treatable tag was added to gene: ETFB.
Mendeliome v1.343 ETFA Zornitza Stark Tag treatable tag was added to gene: ETFA.
Mendeliome v1.343 ETFDH Zornitza Stark Tag treatable tag was added to gene: ETFDH.
Mendeliome v1.137 NFATC2 Paul De Fazio gene: NFATC2 was added
gene: NFATC2 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature
Mode of inheritance for gene: NFATC2 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Publications for gene: NFATC2 were set to 35789258
Phenotypes for gene: NFATC2 were set to Skeletal system disorder MONDO:0005172
Review for gene: NFATC2 was set to RED
gene: NFATC2 was marked as current diagnostic
Added comment: Patient born to consanguineous parents homozygous for a frameshift variant. No other (unaffected) members of the family were homozygous. Family history of recurrent childhood deaths.

After a healthy birth the patient developed painless decreased range of motion at 1.5yrs leading to difficulty with ambulation at 3yrs. Formal orthopedic assessment at age 15 years
demonstrated a neurodevelopmentally normal young man with marked bilateral fixed flexion contractures of knees, hips, and ankles. The main musculoskeletal findings were painless contractures of the large and small joints of the upper and lower limbs, osteochondromas, and osteopenia. Patient was diagnosed with B-cell lymphoma at age 18.

Patient CD8+ T-cells show impaired polyfunctionality, and the patient had an accumulation of non-functional memory CD4+ T-cells. TFH cell function was also impaired.
Sources: Literature
Mendeliome v1.65 RBFOX2 Chern Lim changed review comment from: - PMID: 26785492: Analysed CHD (1213 congenital heart disease trios) and control (autism spectrum disorder) trios for de novo mutations. Found RBFOX2 gene had significantly more damaging de novo variants than expected: 3 de novo LoF variants (eg. nonsense, frameshift, or canonical splice disruptions). All 3 probands have hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS). No further patient-specific clinical or variant info were available. Same cohort later included in PMID: 32368696, listed 4 de novo variants in this gene, in patients with left ventricular outflow tract obstruction (LVOTO) or conotruncal defects (CTDs).

- PMID: 27670201: RNA expression study showed the silenced allele harbours a nonsense RBFOX2 variant (Arg287*), CHD patient heart tissue sample, same patient published in PMID: 26785492.
- PMID: 27485310: Functional studies using heart tissue sample from HLHS patient with NM_001031695.2:c.859C>T p.(Arg287*) showed subcellular mislocalisation, impacting its nuclear function in RNA splicing.

- PMID: 25205790: De novo 111.3kb del chr22:36038076-36149338 (hg19) which includes APOL5,APOL6,RBFOX2, in a patient with HLHS.

- PMID: 35137168: Rbfox2 conditional knockout mouse model recapitulated several molecular and phenotypic features of HLHS.; to: - PMID: 26785492: Analysed CHD (1213 congenital heart disease trios) and control (autism spectrum disorder) trios for de novo mutations. Found RBFOX2 gene had significantly more damaging de novo variants than expected: 3 de novo LoF variants (1x nonsense, 1x frameshift, 1x canonical splice variants). All 3 probands have hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) and no extra-cardiac features. Same cohort later included in PMID: 32368696, listed one additional de novo variant in this gene (missense variant) in a patient with conotruncal defects (CTDs).

- PMID: 27670201: RNA expression study showed the silenced allele harbours a nonsense RBFOX2 variant (Arg287*), CHD patient heart tissue sample, same patient published in PMID: 26785492.
- PMID: 27485310: Functional studies using heart tissue sample from HLHS patient with NM_001031695.2:c.859C>T p.(Arg287*) showed subcellular mislocalisation, impacting its nuclear function in RNA splicing.

- PMID: 25205790: De novo 111.3kb del chr22:36038076-36149338 (hg19) which includes APOL5,APOL6,RBFOX2, in a patient with HLHS.

- PMID: 35137168: Rbfox2 conditional knockout mouse model recapitulated several molecular and phenotypic features of HLHS.
Mendeliome v0.14733 ETFB Zornitza Stark Marked gene: ETFB as ready
Mendeliome v0.14733 ETFB Zornitza Stark Gene: etfb has been classified as Green List (High Evidence).
Mendeliome v0.14733 ETFB Zornitza Stark Phenotypes for gene: ETFB were changed from to multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency MONDO:0009282
Mendeliome v0.14517 MITF Zornitza Stark Marked gene: MITF as ready
Mendeliome v0.14517 MITF Zornitza Stark Gene: mitf has been classified as Green List (High Evidence).
Mendeliome v0.14517 MITF Zornitza Stark Phenotypes for gene: MITF were changed from to COMMAD syndrome, MIM# 617306; Tietz albinism-deafness syndrome, MIM# 103500; Waardenburg syndrome, type 2A, MIM# 193510
Mendeliome v0.14516 MITF Zornitza Stark Publications for gene: MITF were set to
Mendeliome v0.14515 MITF Zornitza Stark Mode of inheritance for gene: MITF was changed from Unknown to BOTH monoallelic and biallelic, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Mendeliome v0.14514 MITF Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: MITF: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 27889061, 32541011; Phenotypes: COMMAD syndrome, MIM# 617306, Tietz albinism-deafness syndrome, MIM# 103500, Waardenburg syndrome, type 2A, MIM# 193510; Mode of inheritance: BOTH monoallelic and biallelic, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Mendeliome v0.14472 ATF1 Elena Savva Marked gene: ATF1 as ready
Mendeliome v0.14472 ATF1 Elena Savva Gene: atf1 has been classified as Red List (Low Evidence).
Mendeliome v0.14472 ATF1 Elena Savva Classified gene: ATF1 as Red List (low evidence)
Mendeliome v0.14472 ATF1 Elena Savva Gene: atf1 has been classified as Red List (Low Evidence).
Mendeliome v0.14379 RBFOX2 Chern Lim edited their review of gene: RBFOX2: Added comment: - PMID: 26785492: Analysed CHD (1213 congenital heart disease trios) and control (autism spectrum disorder) trios for de novo mutations. Found RBFOX2 gene had significantly more damaging de novo variants than expected: 3 de novo LoF variants (eg. nonsense, frameshift, or canonical splice disruptions). All 3 probands have hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS). No further patient-specific clinical or variant info were available. Same cohort later included in PMID: 32368696, listed 4 de novo variants in this gene, in patients with left ventricular outflow tract obstruction (LVOTO) or conotruncal defects (CTDs).

- PMID: 27670201: RNA expression study showed the silenced allele harbours a nonsense RBFOX2 variant (Arg287*), CHD patient heart tissue sample, same patient published in PMID: 26785492.
- PMID: 27485310: Functional studies using heart tissue sample from HLHS patient with NM_001031695.2:c.859C>T p.(Arg287*) showed subcellular mislocalisation, impacting its nuclear function in RNA splicing.

- PMID: 25205790: De novo 111.3kb del chr22:36038076-36149338 (hg19) which includes APOL5,APOL6,RBFOX2, in a patient with HLHS.

- PMID: 35137168: Rbfox2 conditional knockout mouse model recapitulated several molecular and phenotypic features of HLHS.; Changed publications: PMID: 26785492, 27670201, 27485310, 25205790, 35137168, 26785492
Mendeliome v0.14345 ATF1 Abhijit Kulkarni reviewed gene: ATF1: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None
Mendeliome v0.14312 MTFMT Zornitza Stark Marked gene: MTFMT as ready
Mendeliome v0.14312 MTFMT Zornitza Stark Gene: mtfmt has been classified as Green List (High Evidence).
Mendeliome v0.14312 MTFMT Zornitza Stark Phenotypes for gene: MTFMT were changed from to Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 15, MIM# 614947; Mitochondrial complex I deficiency, nuclear type 27, MIM# 618248
Mendeliome v0.14311 MTFMT Zornitza Stark Publications for gene: MTFMT were set to
Mendeliome v0.14310 MTFMT Zornitza Stark Mode of inheritance for gene: MTFMT was changed from Unknown to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Mendeliome v0.14309 MTFMT Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: MTFMT: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 21907147, 23499752, 24461907, 22499348; Phenotypes: Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 15, MIM# 614947, Mitochondrial complex I deficiency, nuclear type 27, MIM# 618248; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Mendeliome v0.14061 GTF3C3 Zornitza Stark Marked gene: GTF3C3 as ready
Mendeliome v0.14061 GTF3C3 Zornitza Stark Gene: gtf3c3 has been classified as Green List (High Evidence).
Mendeliome v0.14061 GTF3C3 Zornitza Stark Phenotypes for gene: GTF3C3 were changed from to Neurodevelopmental disorder MONDO:0700092, GTF3C3-related
Mendeliome v0.14060 GTF3C3 Zornitza Stark Publications for gene: GTF3C3 were set to
Mendeliome v0.14059 GTF3C3 Zornitza Stark Mode of inheritance for gene: GTF3C3 was changed from Unknown to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Mendeliome v0.14058 GTF3C3 Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: GTF3C3: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 28940097, 28097321, 30552426; Phenotypes: Neurodevelopmental disorder MONDO:0700092, GTF3C3-related; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Mendeliome v0.12789 ETFDH Bryony Thompson Marked gene: ETFDH as ready
Mendeliome v0.12789 ETFDH Bryony Thompson Gene: etfdh has been classified as Green List (High Evidence).
Mendeliome v0.12789 ETFDH Bryony Thompson Phenotypes for gene: ETFDH were changed from to multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency MONDO:0009282
Mendeliome v0.12788 ETFDH Bryony Thompson Publications for gene: ETFDH were set to
Mendeliome v0.12544 ETFDH Bryony Thompson Mode of inheritance for gene: ETFDH was changed from Unknown to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Mendeliome v0.12543 ETFB Bryony Thompson Publications for gene: ETFB were set to
Mendeliome v0.12542 ETFDH Bryony Thompson reviewed gene: ETFDH: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 17412732, 27038534, 19249206, 15710863, 32804429; Phenotypes: multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency MONDO:0009282; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal; Current diagnostic: yes
Mendeliome v0.12539 ETFB Bryony Thompson Mode of inheritance for gene: ETFB was changed from Unknown to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Mendeliome v0.12536 ETFB Bryony Thompson reviewed gene: ETFB: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 7912128, 12815589, 27081516, 12706375, 30626930; Phenotypes: multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency MONDO:0009282; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal; Current diagnostic: yes
Mendeliome v0.12534 ETFA Bryony Thompson Marked gene: ETFA as ready
Mendeliome v0.12534 ETFA Bryony Thompson Gene: etfa has been classified as Green List (High Evidence).
Mendeliome v0.12534 ETFA Bryony Thompson Phenotypes for gene: ETFA were changed from to multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency MONDO:0009282
Mendeliome v0.12533 ETFA Bryony Thompson Publications for gene: ETFA were set to
Mendeliome v0.12532 ETFA Bryony Thompson Mode of inheritance for gene: ETFA was changed from Unknown to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Mendeliome v0.12525 ETFA Bryony Thompson reviewed gene: ETFA: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 1430199, 1882842, 21347544; Phenotypes: multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency MONDO:0009282; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal; Current diagnostic: yes
Mendeliome v0.12142 NTF4 Zornitza Stark Marked gene: NTF4 as ready
Mendeliome v0.12142 NTF4 Zornitza Stark Gene: ntf4 has been classified as Red List (Low Evidence).
Mendeliome v0.12142 NTF4 Zornitza Stark Phenotypes for gene: NTF4 were changed from to Glaucoma 1, open angle, 1O - MIIM#613100
Mendeliome v0.12141 NTF4 Zornitza Stark Publications for gene: NTF4 were set to
Mendeliome v0.12140 NTF4 Zornitza Stark Mode of inheritance for gene: NTF4 was changed from Unknown to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted
Mendeliome v0.12139 NTF4 Zornitza Stark Classified gene: NTF4 as Red List (low evidence)
Mendeliome v0.12139 NTF4 Zornitza Stark Gene: ntf4 has been classified as Red List (Low Evidence).
Mendeliome v0.12059 NTF4 Krithika Murali reviewed gene: NTF4: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 20806036, 19765683, 22815630; Phenotypes: Glaucoma 1, open angle, 1O - MIIM#613100; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted
Mendeliome v0.11991 TFAP2B Zornitza Stark Marked gene: TFAP2B as ready
Mendeliome v0.11991 TFAP2B Zornitza Stark Gene: tfap2b has been classified as Green List (High Evidence).
Mendeliome v0.11991 TFAP2B Zornitza Stark Publications for gene: TFAP2B were set to 11505339; 15684060; 18752453; 21643846
Mendeliome v0.11990 TFAP2B Zornitza Stark edited their review of gene: TFAP2B: Changed publications: 31292255, 11505339, 15684060, 18752453, 21643846; Changed phenotypes: Char syndrome, MIM# 169100, Patent ductus arteriosus 2, MIM# 617035, Syndromic craniosynostosis
Mendeliome v0.11990 TFAP2B Zornitza Stark Phenotypes for gene: TFAP2B were changed from Char syndrome, MIM# 169100; Patent ductus arteriosus 2, MIM# 617035 to Char syndrome, MIM# 169100; Patent ductus arteriosus 2, MIM# 617035; Syndromic craniosynostosis
Mendeliome v0.11989 TFAP2B Zornitza Stark Phenotypes for gene: TFAP2B were changed from to Char syndrome, MIM# 169100; Patent ductus arteriosus 2, MIM# 617035
Mendeliome v0.11988 TFAP2B Zornitza Stark Publications for gene: TFAP2B were set to
Mendeliome v0.11987 TFAP2B Zornitza Stark Mode of inheritance for gene: TFAP2B was changed from Unknown to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted
Mendeliome v0.11986 TFAP2B Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: TFAP2B: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 11505339, 15684060, 18752453, 21643846; Phenotypes: Char syndrome, MIM# 169100; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted
Mendeliome v0.11039 TFAM Zornitza Stark Phenotypes for gene: TFAM were changed from Mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome 15 (hepatocerebral type) MIM#617156 to Mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome 15 (hepatocerebral type) MIM#617156; Perrault syndrome
Mendeliome v0.11038 TFAM Zornitza Stark Publications for gene: TFAM were set to 27448789; 29021295; 9500544
Mendeliome v0.11037 TFAM Zornitza Stark Classified gene: TFAM as Green List (high evidence)
Mendeliome v0.11037 TFAM Zornitza Stark Gene: tfam has been classified as Green List (High Evidence).
Mendeliome v0.11036 TFAM Zornitza Stark edited their review of gene: TFAM: Added comment: PMID: 32399598. Homozygous missense variant predicted pathogenic in patient presenting with Perrault syndrome and intellectual disability

PMID: 34647195. Same homozygous missense variant in two sisters with premature ovarian insufficiency +/- seizures and their brother with seizures + intellectual disability. Patient fibroblasts have mtDNA depletion

PMID: 34647195. Zebrafish model with in-frame deletion has ovarian dysgenesis and mtDNA depletion; Changed rating: GREEN; Changed publications: 27448789, 29021295, 9500544, 32399598, 34647195, 34647195; Changed phenotypes: Mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome 15 (hepatocerebral type) MIM#617156, Perrault syndrome
Mendeliome v0.10360 CSTF2 Zornitza Stark Marked gene: CSTF2 as ready
Mendeliome v0.10360 CSTF2 Zornitza Stark Gene: cstf2 has been classified as Amber List (Moderate Evidence).
Mendeliome v0.10360 CSTF2 Zornitza Stark Classified gene: CSTF2 as Amber List (moderate evidence)
Mendeliome v0.10360 CSTF2 Zornitza Stark Gene: cstf2 has been classified as Amber List (Moderate Evidence).
Mendeliome v0.10359 CSTF2 Zornitza Stark gene: CSTF2 was added
gene: CSTF2 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature
Mode of inheritance for gene: CSTF2 was set to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, biallelic mutations in females
Publications for gene: CSTF2 were set to 32816001
Phenotypes for gene: CSTF2 were set to Intellectual disability
Review for gene: CSTF2 was set to AMBER
Added comment: Four individuals from a single family, spanning two generations, segregating a missense variant. Functional data, including a mouse model and a gene reporter assay.
Sources: Literature
Mendeliome v0.9511 TFE3 Zornitza Stark Phenotypes for gene: TFE3 were changed from TFE3-associated neurodevelopmental disorder; Intellectual disability; Epilepsy; Coarse facial features to Intellectual developmental disorder, X-linked, syndromic, with pigmentary mosaicism and coarse facies, MIM# 301066; Intellectual disability; Epilepsy; Coarse facial features
Mendeliome v0.9510 TFE3 Zornitza Stark edited their review of gene: TFE3: Changed phenotypes: Intellectual developmental disorder, X-linked, syndromic, with pigmentary mosaicism and coarse facies, MIM# 301066, Intellectual disability, Epilepsy, Coarse facial features
Mendeliome v0.9449 ATF6 Zornitza Stark Marked gene: ATF6 as ready
Mendeliome v0.9449 ATF6 Zornitza Stark Gene: atf6 has been classified as Green List (High Evidence).
Mendeliome v0.9449 ATF6 Zornitza Stark Phenotypes for gene: ATF6 were changed from to Achromatopsia 7, MIM#616517
Mendeliome v0.9448 ATF6 Zornitza Stark Publications for gene: ATF6 were set to
Mendeliome v0.9447 ATF6 Zornitza Stark Mode of inheritance for gene: ATF6 was changed from Unknown to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Mendeliome v0.9446 ATF6 Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: ATF6: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 26063662, 26029869; Phenotypes: Achromatopsia 7, MIM#616517; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Mendeliome v0.9378 ZNF445 Zornitza Stark gene: ZNF445 was added
gene: ZNF445 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature
Mode of inheritance for gene: ZNF445 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Publications for gene: ZNF445 were set to 34039421; 30602440; 30846001
Phenotypes for gene: ZNF445 were set to Temple syndrome; Multi locus imprinting disturbance (MLID)
Review for gene: ZNF445 was set to RED
Added comment: Single report (Kagami 2021) of a child with Temple syndrome and MLID found to have a novel homozygous truncating variant in ZNF445.

ZNF445 has been shown to play a critical role in the maintenance of postfertilisation methylation imprints (Takahashi 2019). Mechanism and parent of origin effects remain uncertain.
Sources: Literature
Mendeliome v0.9112 TF Zornitza Stark Marked gene: TF as ready
Mendeliome v0.9112 TF Zornitza Stark Gene: tf has been classified as Green List (High Evidence).
Mendeliome v0.9112 TF Zornitza Stark Phenotypes for gene: TF were changed from to Atransferrinaemia MIM# 209300; iron overload; hypochromic anaemia; low serum transferrin; Hemosiderosis of the heart and/or liver; Congestive heart failure
Mendeliome v0.9111 TF Zornitza Stark Publications for gene: TF were set to
Mendeliome v0.9110 TF Zornitza Stark Mode of inheritance for gene: TF was changed from Unknown to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Mendeliome v0.9109 TF Danielle Ariti reviewed gene: TF: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 11110675, 3472216; Phenotypes: Atransferrinaemia MIM# 209300, iron overload, hypochromic anaemia, low serum transferrin, Hemosiderosis of the heart and/or liver, Congestive heart failure; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Mendeliome v0.8189 LZTFL1 Zornitza Stark Marked gene: LZTFL1 as ready
Mendeliome v0.8189 LZTFL1 Zornitza Stark Gene: lztfl1 has been classified as Green List (High Evidence).
Mendeliome v0.8189 LZTFL1 Zornitza Stark Phenotypes for gene: LZTFL1 were changed from to Bardet-Biedl syndrome 17 (MIM#615994)
Mendeliome v0.8188 LZTFL1 Zornitza Stark Publications for gene: LZTFL1 were set to
Mendeliome v0.8187 LZTFL1 Zornitza Stark Mode of inheritance for gene: LZTFL1 was changed from Unknown to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Mendeliome v0.8186 LZTFL1 Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: LZTFL1: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 22510444, 23692385, 27312011, 22072986; Phenotypes: Bardet-Biedl syndrome 17 (MIM#615994); Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Mendeliome v0.7885 UBTF Zornitza Stark Marked gene: UBTF as ready
Mendeliome v0.7885 UBTF Zornitza Stark Gene: ubtf has been classified as Green List (High Evidence).
Mendeliome v0.7885 UBTF Zornitza Stark Phenotypes for gene: UBTF were changed from to Neurodegeneration, childhood-onset, with brain atrophy, MIM# 617672; MONDO:0044701
Mendeliome v0.7884 UBTF Zornitza Stark Publications for gene: UBTF were set to
Mendeliome v0.7883 UBTF Zornitza Stark Mode of inheritance for gene: UBTF was changed from Unknown to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted
Mendeliome v0.7882 UBTF Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: UBTF: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 28777933, 29300972; Phenotypes: Neurodegeneration, childhood-onset, with brain atrophy, MIM# 617672, MONDO:0044701; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted
Mendeliome v0.7464 VPS41 Kristin Rigbye changed review comment from: "Five unrelated families with nine affected individuals, all carrying homozygous variants in VPS41 that we show impact protein function. All affected individuals presented with a progressive neurodevelopmental disorder consisting of cognitive impairment, cerebellar atrophy/hypoplasia, motor dysfunction with ataxia and dystonia, and nystagmus. Zebrafish disease modelling supports the involvement of VPS41 dysfunction in the disorder, indicating lysosomal dysregulation throughout the brain and providing support for cerebellar and microglial abnormalities when vps41 was mutated. This provides the first example of human disease linked to the HOPS-specific subunit VPS41 and suggests the importance of HOPS complex activity for cerebellar function."; to: "Five unrelated families with nine affected individuals, all carrying homozygous variants in VPS41 that we show impact protein function. All affected individuals presented with a progressive neurodevelopmental disorder consisting of cognitive impairment, cerebellar atrophy/hypoplasia, motor dysfunction with ataxia and dystonia, and nystagmus. Zebrafish disease modelling supports the involvement of VPS41 dysfunction in the disorder, indicating lysosomal dysregulation throughout the brain and providing support for cerebellar and microglial abnormalities when vps41 was mutated. This provides the first example of human disease linked to the HOPS-specific subunit VPS41 and suggests the importance of HOPS complex activity for cerebellar function."

"Affected individuals were born after uneventful pregnancies and presented in most cases early in life with developmental delay. Various degrees of ataxia, hypotonia, and dystonia were present in all affected individuals, preventing independent ambulation. Likewise, nystagmus was commonly described. In addition, all affected individuals displayed intellectual disability and speech delay. Two siblings further presented with therapy-resistant epilepsy. No major dysmorphic features were found. In two individuals, retinal pigment alterations were noticed. Brain MRI revealed mild cerebellar atrophy and vermian atrophy without other major structural abnormalities in most affected individuals while in one case (Subject 9) bilateral hyperintensities at the nucleus caudatus area were noted. No hearing or vision problems were noted and in cases where nerve conduction studies were performed, these were normal. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on peripheral blood lymphocytes from Subject 2 and lymphoblastoid cells from Subject 3 revealed more multilayered vesicles compared to control cells."
Mendeliome v0.7280 GTF2H5 Zornitza Stark Marked gene: GTF2H5 as ready
Mendeliome v0.7280 GTF2H5 Zornitza Stark Gene: gtf2h5 has been classified as Green List (High Evidence).
Mendeliome v0.7280 GTF2H5 Zornitza Stark Phenotypes for gene: GTF2H5 were changed from to Trichothiodystrophy 3, photosensitive, MIM# 616395; MONDO:0014619
Mendeliome v0.7279 GTF2H5 Zornitza Stark Publications for gene: GTF2H5 were set to
Mendeliome v0.7278 GTF2H5 Zornitza Stark Mode of inheritance for gene: GTF2H5 was changed from Unknown to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Mendeliome v0.7277 GTF2H5 Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: GTF2H5: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 15220921, 30359777, 24986372; Phenotypes: Trichothiodystrophy 3, photosensitive, MIM# 616395, MONDO:0014619; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Mendeliome v0.7277 GTF2E2 Zornitza Stark Marked gene: GTF2E2 as ready
Mendeliome v0.7277 GTF2E2 Zornitza Stark Gene: gtf2e2 has been classified as Amber List (Moderate Evidence).
Mendeliome v0.7277 GTF2E2 Zornitza Stark Phenotypes for gene: GTF2E2 were changed from to Trichothiodystrophy 6, nonphotosensitive, MIM# 616943; MONDO:0014841
Mendeliome v0.7276 GTF2E2 Zornitza Stark Publications for gene: GTF2E2 were set to
Mendeliome v0.7275 GTF2E2 Zornitza Stark Mode of inheritance for gene: GTF2E2 was changed from Unknown to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Mendeliome v0.7274 GTF2E2 Zornitza Stark Classified gene: GTF2E2 as Amber List (moderate evidence)
Mendeliome v0.7274 GTF2E2 Zornitza Stark Gene: gtf2e2 has been classified as Amber List (Moderate Evidence).
Mendeliome v0.7273 GTF2E2 Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: GTF2E2: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 26996949; Phenotypes: Trichothiodystrophy 6, nonphotosensitive, MIM# 616943, MONDO:0014841; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Mendeliome v0.6720 TFG Zornitza Stark Marked gene: TFG as ready
Mendeliome v0.6720 TFG Zornitza Stark Gene: tfg has been classified as Green List (High Evidence).
Mendeliome v0.6720 TFG Zornitza Stark Phenotypes for gene: TFG were changed from to Hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy, Okinawa type, MIM# 604484; Spastic paraplegia 57, autosomal recessive, MIM# 615658
Mendeliome v0.6719 TFG Zornitza Stark Mode of inheritance for gene: TFG was changed from Unknown to BOTH monoallelic and biallelic, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Mendeliome v0.6718 TFG Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: TFG: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 30467354, 30157421, 28124177, 27601211, 27492651, 23479643, 25098539, 23553329, 22883144, 31449671, 31111683; Phenotypes: Hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy, Okinawa type, MIM# 604484, Spastic paraplegia 57, autosomal recessive, MIM# 615658; Mode of inheritance: BOTH monoallelic and biallelic, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Mendeliome v0.6485 MAST2 Elena Savva gene: MAST2 was added
gene: MAST2 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature
Mode of inheritance for gene: MAST2 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown
Publications for gene: MAST2 were set to PMID: 33465109
Phenotypes for gene: MAST2 were set to Thrombophilia; venous thrombosis
Review for gene: MAST2 was set to RED
Added comment: Single missense identified in a family with venous thrombosis and thrombophilia. Missense variant reviewed by in silicos only. Shown to affect regulation of TFP1 and SERPINE1 gene expression.

RNAi of MAST2 followed by RNAseq showed expression changes in many downstream targets
Sources: Literature
Mendeliome v0.6207 TTF2 Zornitza Stark Marked gene: TTF2 as ready
Mendeliome v0.6207 TTF2 Zornitza Stark Gene: ttf2 has been classified as Red List (Low Evidence).
Mendeliome v0.6207 TTF2 Zornitza Stark gene: TTF2 was added
gene: TTF2 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Expert Review
Mode of inheritance for gene: TTF2 was set to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted
Publications for gene: TTF2 were set to 30022773
Phenotypes for gene: TTF2 were set to congenital hypothyroidism, thyroid dysgenesis, No OMIM #
Review for gene: TTF2 was set to RED
Added comment: 1 case only
Sources: Expert Review
Mendeliome v0.6202 TTF1 Zornitza Stark Marked gene: TTF1 as ready
Mendeliome v0.6202 TTF1 Zornitza Stark Gene: ttf1 has been classified as Amber List (Moderate Evidence).
Mendeliome v0.6202 TTF1 Zornitza Stark Phenotypes for gene: TTF1 were changed from to congenital hypothyroidism, thyroid dysgenesis, No OMIM #
Mendeliome v0.6201 TTF1 Zornitza Stark Publications for gene: TTF1 were set to
Mendeliome v0.6200 TTF1 Zornitza Stark Mode of inheritance for gene: TTF1 was changed from Unknown to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted
Mendeliome v0.6199 TTF1 Zornitza Stark Classified gene: TTF1 as Amber List (moderate evidence)
Mendeliome v0.6199 TTF1 Zornitza Stark Gene: ttf1 has been classified as Amber List (Moderate Evidence).
Mendeliome v0.6198 TTF1 Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: TTF1: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 30022773; Phenotypes: congenital hypothyroidism, thyroid dysgenesis, No OMIM #; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted
Mendeliome v0.5525 TFE3 Zornitza Stark Publications for gene: TFE3 were set to 30595499; 31833172; 33057194
Mendeliome v0.5524 TFE3 Zornitza Stark Mode of inheritance for gene: TFE3 was changed from MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted to X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males)
Mendeliome v0.5523 TFE3 Zornitza Stark edited their review of gene: TFE3: Added comment: PMID: 32409512 (2020) - 14 variants reported as de novo events in 17 unrelated cases (including 5 previously published) of severe intellectual disability with pigmentary mosaicism and storage disorder-like features; Changed publications: 30595499, 31833172, 32409512; Changed mode of inheritance: X-LINKED: hemizygous mutation in males, monoallelic mutations in females may cause disease (may be less severe, later onset than males)
Mendeliome v0.5331 ITFG2 Zornitza Stark Publications for gene: ITFG2 were set to 28397838; https://doi.org/10.1038/s41525-020-00150-z
Mendeliome v0.5330 ITFG2 Zornitza Stark edited their review of gene: ITFG2: Changed publications: 28397838, 33083013
Mendeliome v0.5310 TFE3 Bryony Thompson Publications for gene: TFE3 were set to 30595499; 31833172
Mendeliome v0.5226 PTF1A Zornitza Stark Marked gene: PTF1A as ready
Mendeliome v0.5226 PTF1A Zornitza Stark Gene: ptf1a has been classified as Green List (High Evidence).
Mendeliome v0.5226 PTF1A Zornitza Stark Phenotypes for gene: PTF1A were changed from to Pancreatic agenesis 2, MIM# 615935; Pancreatic and cerebellar agenesis, MIM# 609069
Mendeliome v0.5225 PTF1A Zornitza Stark Publications for gene: PTF1A were set to
Mendeliome v0.5224 PTF1A Zornitza Stark Mode of inheritance for gene: PTF1A was changed from Unknown to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Mendeliome v0.5223 PTF1A Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: PTF1A: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 24212882, 21749365, 10507728, 15543146, 19650412; Phenotypes: Pancreatic agenesis 2, MIM# 615935, Pancreatic and cerebellar agenesis, MIM# 609069; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Mendeliome v0.4875 ITFG2 Zornitza Stark Marked gene: ITFG2 as ready
Mendeliome v0.4875 ITFG2 Zornitza Stark Gene: itfg2 has been classified as Amber List (Moderate Evidence).
Mendeliome v0.4875 ITFG2 Zornitza Stark Classified gene: ITFG2 as Amber List (moderate evidence)
Mendeliome v0.4875 ITFG2 Zornitza Stark Gene: itfg2 has been classified as Amber List (Moderate Evidence).
Mendeliome v0.4874 ITFG2 Zornitza Stark gene: ITFG2 was added
gene: ITFG2 was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Literature
Mode of inheritance for gene: ITFG2 was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Publications for gene: ITFG2 were set to 28397838; https://doi.org/10.1038/s41525-020-00150-z
Phenotypes for gene: ITFG2 were set to Neurodevelopmental abnormality; Intellectual disability; Developmental regression; Ataxia
Review for gene: ITFG2 was set to AMBER
Added comment: ITFG2 was suggested to be a candidate gene for autosomal recessive ID in the study by Harripaul et al (2018 - PMID: 28397838). The authors performed microarray and exome sequencing in 192 consanguineous families and identified a homozygous ITGF2 stopgain variant (NM_018463.3:c.472G>T / p.Glu158*) along with 3 additional variants segregating with ID within an investigated family (PK51). Cheema et al (2020 - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41525-020-00150-z) report briefly on a male, born to consanguineous parents presenting with NDD, seizures, regression and ataxia. There was a similarly affected female sibling. Evaluation of ROH revealed a homozygous ITFG2 nonsense variant [NM_018463.3:c.361C>T / p.(Gln121*)]. Families in this study were investigated by trio WES or WGS. Evaluation of data of the same lab revealed 3 additional unrelated subjects with overlapping phenotypes, notably NDD and ataxia. These individuals were - each - homozygous for pLoF variants [NM_018463.3:c.848-1G>A; NM_018463.3:c.704dupC, p.(Ala236fs), NM_018463.3:c.1000_1001delAT, p.(Ile334fs)]. As discussed in OMIM, ITFG2 encodes a subunit of the KICSTOR protein complex, having a role in regulating nutrient sensing by MTOR complex-1 (Wolfson et al 2017 - PMID : 28199306).

Rated Amber as Cheema et al report on diagnostic outcomes and multiple candidate genes as part of a heterogenous cohort and details are therefore limited.
Sources: Literature
Mendeliome v0.4520 SLC12A2 Zornitza Stark edited their review of gene: SLC12A2: Added comment: Monoallelic :
DD/ID was a feature in >= 6 individuals with monoallelic de novo SLC12A2. An individual with an exon 22 truncating variant was reported to have normal milestones and cognitive function. Exon 21 variants have been described in individuals with rather isolated hearing impairment (possibly some associated motor delay, but normal cognition). Hearing impairment was also reported in 2/6 patients with variants in other exons (1 missense / 1 frameshift).

Biallelic :
DD/ID was reported in at least 3 individuals in literature. Hearing impairment has been reported on 2 occasions (although this was not probably evaluated in all subjects).

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Monoallelic SLC12A2 mutations :

► Individuals with de novo mutations and developmental disorder were first identified by the DDD study (2017 - PMID: 28135719). 5 of them have been reported in detail by McNeill et al (below).

► McNeill et al (2020 - PMID: 32658972) report on 6 individuals with neurodevelopmental disorder due to de novo SLC12A2 mutation. All presented DD or ID ranging from mild to severe. ASD was reported in 3/6. Sensorineural hearing loss was a feature in 2/6 with the remaining having normal formal evaluations. Brain, cardiac and/or additional malformations were reported in a single individual. Following non-diagnostic prior work-up (CMA, FMR1 or other investigations) trio exome sequencing revealed missense (4/6) or truncating variants (2/6).

Three additional individuals (incl. a father and his son) with missense variants in exon 21 (NM_001046.3 / p.Glu979Lys and p.Glu980Lys) presented with bilateral sensorineural hearing loss. Speech and/or motor delay reported in these cases were attributed to the hearing impairment/vestibular arreflexia (cognitive abilities not tested).

SLC12A2 encodes sodium-potassium-chloride transporter 1 (also NKCC1).

The GTEx project has identified 8 isoforms. In brain both exon 21-containing/deleted isoforms are expressed (cited Morita et al 2014 - PMID: 24695712). As the authors discuss, RNA-seq of the developing mouse cochlea suggests that the exon 21 containing isoform is the single transcript expressed. Evidence from RNA-seq data (BrainSpan project) and literature suggests that the significant amounts of exon 21 lacking isoforms in fetal brain compensate for the deleterious effects of exon 21 variants and explain the lack of NDD in relevant patients.

Slc12a2 (NKCC1) null mouse model has demonstrated that the transporter plays a role in accumulation of the potassium rich endolymph in the inner ear, with NKCC1 absence causing sensorineural deafness and imbalance. Slc12a2 display cochlear malformations, loss of hair cells and hearing impairment (cited Delpire et al 1999 - PMID: 10369265). The brain phenotype has not been studied extensively, although loss of Slc12a2 has been shown to inhibit neurogenesis (cited: Magalhães and Rivera et al. - PMID: 27582690).

Slc12a2 null zebrafish display a collapse of the otic vesicle and reduced endolymph (Abbas and Whitfield, 2009 - PMID: 19633174) relevant to the human hearing disorder.

In vitro assessment of NKCC1 ion transporter function in Xenopus laevis, supported the deleterious effect of the identified variants (significant reduction in K+ influx). Using available single cell RNA-seq data the authors further demonstrated that SLC12A2 expressing cells display transcriptomic profiles reflective of active neurogenesis.

► Delpire et al (2016 - PMID: 27900370 - not reviewed in detail) described a 13 y.o. girl harboring a de novo 11-bp deletion in SLC12A2 exon 22. This individual reached developmental milestones on time and had a NORMAL cognitive function. Hearing was seemingly normal. Features included orthostatic intolerance, respiratory weakness, multiple endocrine abnormalities, pancreatic insufficiency and multiorgan failure incl. gut and bladder. Exome in the proband, parents and 3 unaffected sibs suggested SLC12A2 as the only candidate for her phenotype. Functional analyses in Xenopus laevis oocytes suggested that a non functional transporter was expressed and trafficked to the membrane as the wt. Detection of the truncated protein at higher molecular sizes suggested either enhanced dimerization or misfolded aggregate. There was no dominant-negative effect of mutant NKCC1. In patient fibroblasts a reduced total and NKCC1-mediated K+ influx.

► Mutai et al (2020 - PMID: 32294086) report on several individuals from 4 families, harboring variants within exon 21 or - in one case - at it's 3' splice-site (leading to skipping oe this exon at the mRNA level). All subjects were investigated for severe/profound hearing loss (in line with the role of exon 21-included isoforms in cochlea. The variant segregated with hearing impairment in 3 generations of a family while in all other subjects the variant had occured as de novo event. Despite motor delays (e.g. the subject from fam2 could not hold head or sit at the age of 10m / the proband in Fam3 was able to hold his head and walk at 6 and 20 m respectively) behavior and cognition were commented to be within normal range.


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Biallelic SLC12A2 mutations:

► Anazi et al (2017 - PMID: 29288388) briefly reported on a 3 y.o. boy (17DG0776) with central hypotonia, neonatal respiratory distress, failure to thrive, global DD and microcephaly and a skeletal survey suggestive of osteopenia. After non-diagnostic prior investigations (CMA revealing a 1p duplication classified as VUS, extensive metabolic workup), WES revealed a homozygous SLC12A2 splicing variant [NM_001046.2:c.2617-2A>G].

► Macnamara et al (2019 - PMID: 30740830) described a 5.5 y.o. male with sensorineural hearing loss, profound delays in all developmental areas among several other features (choanal atresia, failure to thrive, respiratory problems, absent sweat and tear production or salivation, GI abnormalities). Genetic testing for several disorders considered (cystic fibrosis, spinal muscular atrophy, sequencing and del/dup analysis of mtDNA) was normal. CMA revealed paternal uniparental isodisomy for chr. 5 and WGS a homozygous 22kb deletion in SLC12A2. This was followed by confirmation of homozygosity in the proband, heterozygosity of the unaffected father, delineation of breakpoints (chr5:127441491-127471419). mRNA studies in patient fibroblasts confirmed deletion of ex2-7, splicing of ex1 directly to ex8 and introduction of a premature stop codon in ex9. qRT-PCR confirmed that mRNA is likely subjected to NMD (expression ~80% of control). Western blot confirmed absence of the protein in the patient's fibroblasts. Again mouse models are thought to recapitulate the hearing defect but also the deficient saliva production (cited Evans et al 2000 - PMID: 10831596). Again the authors speculate a role of SLC12A2 in brain development based on evidence from murine models (migration, dendritic growth, increse in neuron density through regulation of GABAergic signalling (Young et al 2012 - PMID: 23015452). Hypotheses are also made on a regulatory relationship between NKCC1 and CFTR based on mRNA data from the ko mouse model.

► Stödberg et al (2020 - PMID: 32754646) reported 2 sibs with a complex neurodevelopmental disorder due to compound heterozygosity for a frameshift SLC12A2 variant and a splicing one (NM_001046:c.1431delT and c.2006-1G>A). Both presented hypotonia, neonatal S. aureus parotitis and respiratory problems (incl. apneas). While the older sib died at the age of 22 days, the younger one had persistent respiratory issues incl. a dry respiratory mucosa motivating metabolic, immunology investigations and testing for CF. She displayed microcephaly (OFC -2.5 SD, H was also -3.5SD), severe intellectual disability. MRI was suggestive of white matter and basal ganglia abnormalities. Other features incl. hearing impairment, and lack of tears,saliva and sweat, constipation and intestinal malrotation. There was facial dysmorphism. The variants were the only retained following WGS of the 2 affected sisters, parents and an unaffected brother. The splicing variant was shown to result in skipping of exon 13, while the indel in NMD. Again the authors discuss that the deficient saliva production, impaired hearing and GI problems are recapitulated in the mouse model (several refs provided).; Changed rating: GREEN; Changed publications: 28135719, 32658972, 27900370, 32294086, 29288388, 30740830, 32754646; Changed phenotypes: Kilquist syndrome, deafness, intellectual disability, dysmorphic features, absent salivation, ectodermal dysplasia, constipation, intestinal malrotation, multiple congenital anomalies; Changed mode of inheritance: BOTH monoallelic and biallelic, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Mendeliome v0.3834 TAF1C Zornitza Stark gene: TAF1C was added
gene: TAF1C was added to Mendeliome. Sources: Expert list
Mode of inheritance for gene: TAF1C was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Publications for gene: TAF1C were set to 32779182
Phenotypes for gene: TAF1C were set to Global developmental delay; Intellectual disability; Spasticity; Strabismus; Seizures; Abnormality of nervous system morphology
Review for gene: TAF1C was set to AMBER
Added comment: Knuutinen et al (2020 - PMID: 32779182) report on 2 individuals from 2 consanguineous families, homozygous for TAF1C missense variants. Both presented with an early onset neurological phenotype with severe global DD, ID (2/2 - moderate and profound), spasticity (2/2), ophthalmic findings (strabismus 2/2, nystagmus 1/2). Epilepsy, abnormal brain MRI (cerebral and cerebellar atrophy and white matter hyperintensities) as well and additional findings were reported in one (always the same individual). Following a normal CMA, exome in the first case revealed a homozygous missense SNV (NM_005679.3:c.1165C>T / p.Arg389Cys) supported by in silico predictions. mRNA and protein levels were substantially reduced in fibroblasts from this subject. Only the patient and parents were tested for the variant but not 3 unaffected sibs (fig1). The second individual was homozygous for another missense variant (p.Arg405Cys) also supported by in silico predictions. The girl was the single affected person within the family with an unaffected sib and parents heterozygous for the variant. Several other unaffected relatives in the extended pedigree were either carriers for this variant or homozygous for the wt allele. TAF1C encodes the TATA-box binding protein associated factor (TAF) RNA polymerase I subunit. RNA polymerase I (Pol I) transcribes genes to produce rRNA. For Pol I to initiate transcription, two transcription factors are required : UBF (upstream binding factor encoded by UBTF) and SL1 (selectivity factor 1). The latter is formed by TBP (TATA-binding protein) and 3 Pol I-specific TBP-associated factors (TAFs). A recurrent de novo missense variant in UBTF (encoding the other Pol I transcription factor) causes a disorder with highly similar features. The specific variant acts through a gain-of-function mechanism (and not by LoF which appears to apply for TAF1C based on expression data). The authors hypothesize that altered Pol I activity and resulting ribosomal stress could cause the microcephaly and leukodystrophy (both reported in 1 - the same - individual).
Sources: Expert list
Mendeliome v0.3424 TFR2 Zornitza Stark Mode of inheritance for gene: TFR2 was changed from MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Mendeliome v0.3423 TFR2 Zornitza Stark Marked gene: TFR2 as ready
Mendeliome v0.3423 TFR2 Zornitza Stark Gene: tfr2 has been classified as Green List (High Evidence).
Mendeliome v0.3423 TFR2 Zornitza Stark Phenotypes for gene: TFR2 were changed from Hemochromatosis, type 3 (MIM#604250) to Haemochromatosis, type 3 (MIM#604250)
Mendeliome v0.3422 TFR2 Zornitza Stark Phenotypes for gene: TFR2 were changed from to Hemochromatosis, type 3 (MIM#604250)
Mendeliome v0.3421 TFR2 Zornitza Stark Publications for gene: TFR2 were set to
Mendeliome v0.3420 TFR2 Zornitza Stark Mode of inheritance for gene: TFR2 was changed from Unknown to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted
Mendeliome v0.3413 TFR2 Teresa Zhao reviewed gene: TFR2: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 24847265, 29743178; Phenotypes: Hemochromatosis, type 3 (MIM#604250); Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, imprinted status unknown
Mendeliome v0.3332 ATF3 Zornitza Stark Marked gene: ATF3 as ready
Mendeliome v0.3332 ATF3 Zornitza Stark Gene: atf3 has been classified as Red List (Low Evidence).
Mendeliome v0.3332 ATF3 Zornitza Stark Classified gene: ATF3 as Red List (low evidence)
Mendeliome v0.3332 ATF3 Zornitza Stark Gene: atf3 has been classified as Red List (Low Evidence).
Mendeliome v0.3331 ATF3 Elena Savva reviewed gene: ATF3: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None
Mendeliome v0.3313 ETF1 Zornitza Stark Marked gene: ETF1 as ready
Mendeliome v0.3313 ETF1 Zornitza Stark Gene: etf1 has been classified as Red List (Low Evidence).
Mendeliome v0.3313 ETF1 Zornitza Stark Classified gene: ETF1 as Red List (low evidence)
Mendeliome v0.3313 ETF1 Zornitza Stark Gene: etf1 has been classified as Red List (Low Evidence).
Mendeliome v0.3312 ETF1 Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: ETF1: Rating: RED; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: ; Phenotypes: ; Mode of inheritance: None
Mendeliome v0.2894 TFAP2A Zornitza Stark Marked gene: TFAP2A as ready
Mendeliome v0.2894 TFAP2A Zornitza Stark Gene: tfap2a has been classified as Green List (High Evidence).
Mendeliome v0.2894 TFAP2A Zornitza Stark Phenotypes for gene: TFAP2A were changed from to Branchiooculofacial syndrome, MIM 113620
Mendeliome v0.2893 TFAP2A Zornitza Stark Publications for gene: TFAP2A were set to
Mendeliome v0.2892 TFAP2A Zornitza Stark Mode of pathogenicity for gene: TFAP2A was changed from to Other
Mendeliome v0.2891 TFAP2A Zornitza Stark Mode of inheritance for gene: TFAP2A was changed from Unknown to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted
Mendeliome v0.2890 TFAP2A Teresa Zhao reviewed gene: TFAP2A: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: Other; Publications: 23578821, 21204207, 21728810, 21539471; Phenotypes: Branchiooculofacial syndrome, MIM 113620; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted
Mendeliome v0.2180 TFAM Zornitza Stark Marked gene: TFAM as ready
Mendeliome v0.2180 TFAM Zornitza Stark Gene: tfam has been classified as Amber List (Moderate Evidence).
Mendeliome v0.2180 TFAM Zornitza Stark Classified gene: TFAM as Amber List (moderate evidence)
Mendeliome v0.2180 TFAM Zornitza Stark Gene: tfam has been classified as Amber List (Moderate Evidence).
Mendeliome v0.2023 TFE3 Zornitza Stark Marked gene: TFE3 as ready
Mendeliome v0.2023 TFE3 Zornitza Stark Gene: tfe3 has been classified as Green List (High Evidence).
Mendeliome v0.2023 TFE3 Zornitza Stark Phenotypes for gene: TFE3 were changed from to TFE3-associated neurodevelopmental disorder; Intellectual disability; Epilepsy; Coarse facial features
Mendeliome v0.2022 TFE3 Zornitza Stark Publications for gene: TFE3 were set to
Mendeliome v0.2021 TFE3 Zornitza Stark Mode of inheritance for gene: TFE3 was changed from Unknown to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted
Mendeliome v0.2020 TFE3 Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: TFE3: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 30595499, 31833172; Phenotypes: TFE3-associated neurodevelopmental disorder, Intellectual disability, Epilepsy, Coarse facial features; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted
Mendeliome v0.1912 TFRC Zornitza Stark Marked gene: TFRC as ready
Mendeliome v0.1912 TFRC Zornitza Stark Gene: tfrc has been classified as Amber List (Moderate Evidence).
Mendeliome v0.1912 TFRC Zornitza Stark Phenotypes for gene: TFRC were changed from to Immunodeficiency 46, MIM# 616740; T cells: normal number, poor proliferation; B cells: normal number, low memory B cells; recurrent infections, neutorpaenia; thrombocytopaenia
Mendeliome v0.1911 TFRC Zornitza Stark Publications for gene: TFRC were set to
Mendeliome v0.1910 TFRC Zornitza Stark Mode of inheritance for gene: TFRC was changed from Unknown to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Mendeliome v0.1909 TFRC Zornitza Stark Classified gene: TFRC as Amber List (moderate evidence)
Mendeliome v0.1909 TFRC Zornitza Stark Gene: tfrc has been classified as Amber List (Moderate Evidence).
Mendeliome v0.1908 TFRC Zornitza Stark reviewed gene: TFRC: Rating: AMBER; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 26642240; Phenotypes: Immunodeficiency 46, MIM# 616740, T cells: normal number, poor proliferation, B cells: normal number, low memory B cells, recurrent infections, neutorpaenia, thrombocytopaenia; Mode of inheritance: BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Mendeliome v0.1781 TFAM Zornitza Stark gene: TFAM was added
gene: TFAM was added to Mendeliome. Sources: NHS GMS
Mode of inheritance for gene: TFAM was set to BIALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal
Publications for gene: TFAM were set to 27448789; 29021295; 9500544
Phenotypes for gene: TFAM were set to Mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome 15 (hepatocerebral type) MIM#617156
Review for gene: TFAM was set to AMBER
Added comment: One consanguineous family segregates a homozygous variant. Tfam knockout mouse has a mitochondrial cardiomyopathy phenotype and severe mtDNA depletion with abolished oxidative phosphorylation.
Sources: NHS GMS
Mendeliome v0.1650 BPTF Zornitza Stark Marked gene: BPTF as ready
Mendeliome v0.1650 BPTF Zornitza Stark Gene: bptf has been classified as Green List (High Evidence).
Mendeliome v0.1650 BPTF Zornitza Stark Phenotypes for gene: BPTF were changed from to Neurodevelopmental disorder with dysmorphic facies and distal limb anomalies AD, MIM#617755
Mendeliome v0.1649 BPTF Zornitza Stark Publications for gene: BPTF were set to
Mendeliome v0.1648 BPTF Zornitza Stark Mode of inheritance for gene: BPTF was changed from Unknown to MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted
Mendeliome v0.1635 BPTF Michelle Torres reviewed gene: BPTF: Rating: GREEN; Mode of pathogenicity: None; Publications: 28942966; Phenotypes: Neurodevelopmental disorder with dysmorphic facies and distal limb anomalies AD; Mode of inheritance: MONOALLELIC, autosomal or pseudoautosomal, NOT imprinted
Mendeliome v0.652 H3F3B Zornitza Stark commented on gene: H3F3B: Elizabeth J Bhoj, H3F3A/B Consortium, Hakon H. Hakonarson.: Mutations In H3f3a And H3f3b Encoding Histone 3.3: Report Of 26 Patients With Neurodevelopmental And Congenital Manifestations. American Society of Human Genetics, Orlando, FL October 2017 Notes: Platform Presentation.
Mendeliome v0.0 UBTF Zornitza Stark gene: UBTF was added
gene: UBTF was added to Mendeliome_VCGS. Sources: Expert Review Green,Victorian Clinical Genetics Services
Mode of inheritance for gene: UBTF was set to Unknown
Mendeliome v0.0 TTF1 Zornitza Stark gene: TTF1 was added
gene: TTF1 was added to Mendeliome_VCGS. Sources: Expert Review Green,Victorian Clinical Genetics Services
Mode of inheritance for gene: TTF1 was set to Unknown
Mendeliome v0.0 TFRC Zornitza Stark gene: TFRC was added
gene: TFRC was added to Mendeliome_VCGS. Sources: Expert Review Green,Victorian Clinical Genetics Services
Mode of inheritance for gene: TFRC was set to Unknown
Mendeliome v0.0 TFR2 Zornitza Stark gene: TFR2 was added
gene: TFR2 was added to Mendeliome_VCGS. Sources: Expert Review Green,Victorian Clinical Genetics Services
Mode of inheritance for gene: TFR2 was set to Unknown
Mendeliome v0.0 TFG Zornitza Stark gene: TFG was added
gene: TFG was added to Mendeliome_VCGS. Sources: Expert Review Green,Victorian Clinical Genetics Services
Mode of inheritance for gene: TFG was set to Unknown
Mendeliome v0.0 TFE3 Zornitza Stark gene: TFE3 was added
gene: TFE3 was added to Mendeliome_VCGS. Sources: Expert Review Green,Victorian Clinical Genetics Services
Mode of inheritance for gene: TFE3 was set to Unknown
Mendeliome v0.0 TFAP2B Zornitza Stark gene: TFAP2B was added
gene: TFAP2B was added to Mendeliome_VCGS. Sources: Expert Review Green,Victorian Clinical Genetics Services
Mode of inheritance for gene: TFAP2B was set to Unknown
Mendeliome v0.0 TFAP2A Zornitza Stark gene: TFAP2A was added
gene: TFAP2A was added to Mendeliome_VCGS. Sources: Expert Review Green,Victorian Clinical Genetics Services
Mode of inheritance for gene: TFAP2A was set to Unknown
Mendeliome v0.0 TF Zornitza Stark gene: TF was added
gene: TF was added to Mendeliome_VCGS. Sources: Expert Review Green,Victorian Clinical Genetics Services
Mode of inheritance for gene: TF was set to Unknown
Mendeliome v0.0 PTF1A Zornitza Stark gene: PTF1A was added
gene: PTF1A was added to Mendeliome_VCGS. Sources: Expert Review Green,Victorian Clinical Genetics Services
Mode of inheritance for gene: PTF1A was set to Unknown
Mendeliome v0.0 NTF4 Zornitza Stark gene: NTF4 was added
gene: NTF4 was added to Mendeliome_VCGS. Sources: Expert Review Green,Victorian Clinical Genetics Services
Mode of inheritance for gene: NTF4 was set to Unknown
Mendeliome v0.0 MTFMT Zornitza Stark gene: MTFMT was added
gene: MTFMT was added to Mendeliome_VCGS. Sources: Expert Review Green,Victorian Clinical Genetics Services
Mode of inheritance for gene: MTFMT was set to Unknown
Mendeliome v0.0 MITF Zornitza Stark gene: MITF was added
gene: MITF was added to Mendeliome_VCGS. Sources: Expert Review Green,Victorian Clinical Genetics Services
Mode of inheritance for gene: MITF was set to Unknown
Mendeliome v0.0 LZTFL1 Zornitza Stark gene: LZTFL1 was added
gene: LZTFL1 was added to Mendeliome_VCGS. Sources: Expert Review Green,Victorian Clinical Genetics Services
Mode of inheritance for gene: LZTFL1 was set to Unknown
Mendeliome v0.0 GTF3C3 Zornitza Stark gene: GTF3C3 was added
gene: GTF3C3 was added to Mendeliome_VCGS. Sources: Expert Review Green,Victorian Clinical Genetics Services
Mode of inheritance for gene: GTF3C3 was set to Unknown
Mendeliome v0.0 GTF2H5 Zornitza Stark gene: GTF2H5 was added
gene: GTF2H5 was added to Mendeliome_VCGS. Sources: Expert Review Green,Victorian Clinical Genetics Services
Mode of inheritance for gene: GTF2H5 was set to Unknown
Mendeliome v0.0 GTF2E2 Zornitza Stark gene: GTF2E2 was added
gene: GTF2E2 was added to Mendeliome_VCGS. Sources: Expert Review Green,Victorian Clinical Genetics Services
Mode of inheritance for gene: GTF2E2 was set to Unknown
Mendeliome v0.0 ETFDH Zornitza Stark gene: ETFDH was added
gene: ETFDH was added to Mendeliome_VCGS. Sources: Expert Review Green,Victorian Clinical Genetics Services
Mode of inheritance for gene: ETFDH was set to Unknown
Mendeliome v0.0 ETFB Zornitza Stark gene: ETFB was added
gene: ETFB was added to Mendeliome_VCGS. Sources: Expert Review Green,Victorian Clinical Genetics Services
Mode of inheritance for gene: ETFB was set to Unknown
Mendeliome v0.0 ETFA Zornitza Stark gene: ETFA was added
gene: ETFA was added to Mendeliome_VCGS. Sources: Expert Review Green,Victorian Clinical Genetics Services
Mode of inheritance for gene: ETFA was set to Unknown
Mendeliome v0.0 ETF1 Zornitza Stark gene: ETF1 was added
gene: ETF1 was added to Mendeliome_VCGS. Sources: Expert Review Green,Victorian Clinical Genetics Services
Mode of inheritance for gene: ETF1 was set to Unknown
Mendeliome v0.0 BPTF Zornitza Stark gene: BPTF was added
gene: BPTF was added to Mendeliome_VCGS. Sources: Expert Review Green,Victorian Clinical Genetics Services
Mode of inheritance for gene: BPTF was set to Unknown
Mendeliome v0.0 ATF6 Zornitza Stark gene: ATF6 was added
gene: ATF6 was added to Mendeliome_VCGS. Sources: Expert Review Green,Victorian Clinical Genetics Services
Mode of inheritance for gene: ATF6 was set to Unknown
Mendeliome v0.0 ATF3 Zornitza Stark gene: ATF3 was added
gene: ATF3 was added to Mendeliome_VCGS. Sources: Expert Review Green,Victorian Clinical Genetics Services
Mode of inheritance for gene: ATF3 was set to Unknown
Mendeliome v0.0 ATF1 Zornitza Stark gene: ATF1 was added
gene: ATF1 was added to Mendeliome_VCGS. Sources: Expert Review Green,Victorian Clinical Genetics Services
Mode of inheritance for gene: ATF1 was set to Unknown